Aage BohrNuclear physicist who showed with Ben Mottelson that atomic nuclei can deform and rotate; Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 · 1975Aaron CiechanoverDiscovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation · 2004Aaron KlugCrystallographic Electron Microscopy · 1982Ada YonathStudies of the structure and function of the ribosome · 2009Adam RiessAstrophysicist; discovered the accelerating universe, Nobel Prize 2011 · 1969Adolf von BaeyerOrganic chemist who synthesized indigo dye; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 · 1835Alan HeegerChemist known for conductive polymers; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 · 1936Albert EinsteinPhysicist who founded special and general relativity and explained the photoelectric effect; Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 · 1905Albert MichelsonOptical precision instruments and interferometry; the Michelson–Morley experiment and decades of measurements of the speed of light; Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 · 1907Alexander Del MarMonetary economist and historian; first director of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics and author of A History of Money; of Sephardic Jewish family, praised by Nobel laureate James Tobin · 1836Alexei AbrikosovPhysicist; theory of the vortex lattice in type-II superconductors (1957), Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 · 1928Alfred FriedAustrian pacifist; Nobel Peace Prize (1911) for founding the German peace movement · 1911Alfred GilmanAwarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of G-proteins and their role in cellular signal transduction. · 1941Alvin RothTheory of stable allocations and the practice of market design · 2012André LwoffAwarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for work on lysogeny and the genetic control of viruses. · 1902Andrea GhezAstronomer whose measurements of stellar orbits revealed the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way; Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 · 1965Andrew FireNobel laureate in medicine (2006) for the discovery of RNA interference (gene silencing) · 2006Arieh WarshelComputational chemist who, with Michael Levitt, published the first computer model of an enzymatic reaction (the QM/MM approach); Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 · 2013Arno PenziasRadio astronomer, a child refugee of the Kindertransport, who with Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, the afterglow of the Big Bang; Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 · 1933Arseny RoginskyHistorian who founded and chaired Memorial, the human-rights society (Nobel Peace Prize 2022) · 1990Arthur AshkinPhysicist at Bell Labs who invented optical tweezers and applied them to living cells; Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 · 1922Arthur KornbergDNA Synthesis · 1959Arthur SchawlowPhysicist who with Charles Townes laid the theoretical foundations of the laser and then developed high-precision laser spectroscopy; Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 · 1921Avram HershkoDiscovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation · 2004Barry BarishPhysicist; leadership of LIGO detection of gravitational waves, Nobel Prize 2017 · 1936Baruch BlumbergHepatitis B Virus and Vaccine · 1976Baruj BenacerrafDiscovered the immune response (Ir) genes of the major histocompatibility complex that control the strength of immune reactions; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980; president of the… · 1920Ben BernankeEconomist who showed how bank failures deepened and prolonged the Great Depression; chaired the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2022 · 2006Ben MottelsonNobel laureate in physics (1975) for nuclear structure; Atoms for Peace Award (1969) · 1975Bernard KatzShowed that acetylcholine is released at the nerve-muscle junction in packets of fixed size (quanta); Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 · 1970Bernard KouchnerFrench physician who co-founded Médecins Sans Frontières (Nobel Peace Prize 1999); Jewish father · 1971Bernard LownCo-inventor of the defibrillator; co-founded IPPNW (Nobel Peace Prize 1985) · 1980Bob DylanSinger-Songwriter · 1962Boris PasternakRussian poet (My Sister, Life), translator of Shakespeare and Goethe, author of Doctor Zhivago; Nobel Prize in Literature 1958, which the Soviet authorities forced him to decline; born into an… · 1957Brian JosephsonPhysicist who, as a 22-year-old research student in Cambridge, predicted the Josephson effect, the tunnelling of a supercurrent between two superconductors; Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 · 1940Bruce BeutlerFound that Toll-like receptor 4 is the sensor of bacterial lipopolysaccharide that switches on innate immunity; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 · 1957Burton RichterPhysicist; discovered the J/psi particle (charm quark), Nobel Prize 1976 · 1931César MilsteinAwarded the 1984 Nobel Prize for developing the technique to produce monoclonal antibodies. · 1927Christian AnfinsenShowed with ribonuclease that a protein's amino-acid sequence alone determines its folded, active shape; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 · 1972Claude Cohen-TannoudjiPhysicist; methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light, Nobel Prize in Physics 1997; co-author of the textbook Quantum Mechanics · 1997Claudia GoldinNobel laureate (2023) who chronicled women's place in the labor market; Nemmers Prize (2020) · 2023Dan ShechtmanQuasicrystals · 2011Daniel KahnemanPsychologist who, with Amos Tversky, documented the systematic biases of intuitive judgment and developed prospect theory (1979); Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2002 · 2002Daniel NathansUsed restriction enzymes to cut the DNA of the tumour virus SV40 into defined fragments and map it, founding a basic method of molecular biology; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 · 1928David BakerBiochemist who created the Rosetta software and designed Top7, the first protein with a structure unknown in nature; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 for computational protein design · 1962David BaltimoreDiscovered reverse transcriptase (1970), the enzyme retroviruses such as HIV use to copy RNA into DNA; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975; president of Caltech 1997–2006 · 1975David GrossPhysicist; discovered asymptotic freedom in QCD, Nobel Prize 2004 · 1941David JuliusAwarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering receptors for temperature and touch · 1955David LeePhysicist; with Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson discovered superfluidity in helium-3 at Cornell in 1972, Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 · 1931Dennis GaborHolography · 1947Donald GlaserPhysicist; invented the bubble chamber (1952), Nobel Prize in Physics 1960; later a pioneer of biotechnology (Cetus) and of vision neuroscience · 1926Douglas DiamondNobel laureate (2022) whose Diamond-Dybvig model explains bank runs and the role of banks in financial crises · 1953Douglas OsheroffPhysicist; as a Cornell graduate student co-discovered superfluidity in helium-3 in 1972, Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 · 1945Drew WeissmanPhysician and immunologist who with Katalin Karikó found the nucleoside base modifications that made mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 possible; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 · 2023Edmond FischerAwarded the 1992 Nobel Prize for discovering reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism. · 1920Elfriede JelinekAustrian novelist and playwright (The Piano Teacher, The Children of the Dead); Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices; daughter of a chemist of Czech-Jewish… · 1946Elias CanettiNobel Prize-winning novelist ('Auto-da-Fé', 'Crowds and Power') · 1905Elie MetchnikoffDiscovered phagocytosis and cellular immunity; Nobel 1908 (NOT the inventor of yogurt; he popularized the probiotic/lactic-acid longevity theory) · 1908Elie WieselHolocaust survivor and writer (Night); chairman of the President's Commission on the Holocaust that led to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum; Nobel Peace Prize 1986 as a messenger to mankind · 1986Elinor OstromFirst woman to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2009), for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons; daughter of a Jewish father, raised Protestant · 2009Emilio SegrèPhysicist; discovered the antiproton, Nobel Prize 1959 · 1905Eric KandelShowed in the sea snail Aplysia how learning changes synapses and how short- and long-term memories are stored; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 · 2000Eric MaskinNobel laureate (2007) for developing the theory of mechanism design · 1950Ernst Boris ChainBiochemist who, with Howard Florey at Oxford, isolated penicillin and demonstrated its curative action; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 · 1906Eugene WignerMathematical physicist; brought group theory and symmetry principles into quantum mechanics, theory of the nuclear force; Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 · 1902Felix BlochQuantum theory of electrons in crystals and nuclear magnetic induction (NMR); Nobel Prize in Physics 1952; first Director-General of CERN · 1905Franco ModiglianiLife-Cycle Hypothesis · 1985François EnglertTheory of the mechanism giving elementary particles mass (Higgs mechanism) · 2013François JacobAwarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for discovering the operon model of gene regulation. · 1920Frank WilczekTheoretical physicist who discovered asymptotic freedom with David Gross and named the axion and anyons; Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 · 2004Frederick ReinesPhysicist; first experimental detection of the neutrino, Nobel Prize 1995 · 1918Fritz HaberSynthesis of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen, the basis of the Haber–Bosch process and of nitrogen fertiliser; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 · 1918Fritz LipmannDiscovered coenzyme A and introduced the concept of energy-rich phosphate bonds; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 · 1899Gabriel LippmannInvented interference method of color photography; Nobel Physics 1908 · 1908Gary BeckerEconomic Analysis of Human Behavior · 1992Gary RuvkunMolecular biologist who, with Victor Ambros, discovered microRNA and its role in gene regulation, and showed in 2000 that the second microRNA, let-7, is conserved across animals; Nobel Prize in… · 1952George AkerlofNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2001 for the analysis of markets with asymmetric information; his 1970 paper The Market for Lemons showed how hidden quality can make a market wither · 1940George de HevesyPioneer of radioactive tracers in chemistry and biology and co-discoverer of hafnium; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943 · 1943George OlahChemist who used superacids to make fleeting carbocations stable enough to study; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 · 1927George WaldAwarded the 1967 Nobel Prize for discovering the biochemical processes of vision in the retina. · 1906Georges CharpakPhysicist; invented the multiwire proportional chamber particle detector, Nobel Prize 1992 · 1924Gerald EdelmanAwarded the 1972 Nobel Prize for determining the chemical structure of antibodies. · 1929Gertrude ElionPioneered rational drug design with George Hitchings, producing 6-mercaptopurine for childhood leukaemia, azathioprine for transplants, allopurinol, acyclovir and other medicines; Nobel Prize in… · 1988Gerty CoriBiochemist awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize for discovering the Cori cycle of glycogen metabolism; first woman to win the medicine Nobel. · 1896Giuseppe LeviHistologist and pioneer of tissue culture who mentored three future Nobel laureates. · 1872Gustav Ludwig HertzNobel laureate in physics for the Franck–Hertz experiment that proved the quantum energy levels of atoms, forced out of his chair in 1935 for his Jewish grandfather · 1925H. David PolitzerPhysicist; discovered asymptotic freedom in QCD, Nobel Prize 2004 · 1949Hans BetheManhattan Project Theoretical Division Head · 1945Hans KrebsDiscovery of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular metabolism · 1953Harold KrotoNobel laureate in chemistry (1996) for the discovery of fullerenes (buckyballs) · 1996Harold PinterDrama uncovering the precipice under everyday conversation · 2005Harold VarmusWith Michael Bishop showed that retroviral oncogenes derive from normal cellular genes (proto-oncogenes), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989; director of the NIH 1993–1999 and of the National… · 1989Harry MarkowitzModern portfolio theory: choosing investments by the expected return and the variance of the whole portfolio (Portfolio Selection, 1952); Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1990 · 1990Harvey AlterAwarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus. · 1935Henri BergsonFrench philosopher of duration and creative evolution, Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 for his rich and vitalizing ideas; refused Vichy's exemption from the anti-Jewish laws and registered as a Jew in… · 1927Henri KaganChemist, pioneer of asymmetric catalysis (DIOP, nonlinear effects); Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2026 · 2026Henri MoissanChemist who first isolated fluorine; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906 · 1852Henry KissingerHarvard political scientist, National Security Advisor and Secretary of State; Nobel Peace Prize 1973 for negotiating the Vietnam cease-fire · 1923Herbert BrownChemist who found how to make sodium borohydride and developed hydroboration, turning boron compounds into important reagents of organic synthesis; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 · 1979Herbert HauptmanX-ray Crystallography · 1985Herbert SimonSocial scientist of administrative decision-making and bounded rationality, and with Allen Newell a pioneer of artificial intelligence; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1978 · 1978Hermann MullerShowed in 1927 that X-rays produce gene mutations, founding radiation genetics; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 · 1890Howard TeminProposed the DNA provirus hypothesis (1964) and co-discovered reverse transcriptase (1970), showing that genetic information can flow from RNA to DNA; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 · 1975Ilya FrankPhysicist; with Igor Tamm explained Cherenkov radiation (1937); Nobel Prize in Physics 1958, shared with Cherenkov and Tamm · 1908Ilya PrigogineDissipative Structures · 1977Imre KertészHungarian survivor of Auschwitz and Buchenwald, author of Fatelessness; Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric… · 2002Irwin RoseAwarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. · 1926Isaac Bashevis SingerNovelist · 1978Isidor RabiResonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, the basis of NMR and later MRI; Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 · 1944J. Michael KosterlitzNobel Prize in Physics 2016 for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter · 2016Jack SteinbergerPhysicist; discovered the muon neutrino, Nobel Prize 1988 · 1921James FranckFranck–Hertz experiment confirming the quantized energy levels of atoms; Nobel Prize in Physics 1925; later research on photosynthesis · 1882James RothmanBiochemist who uncovered the protein machinery of the SNAREs that lets vesicles dock and fuse with their targets inside cells; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 · 1950Jay PritzkerFounder of Hyatt Hotels (1957) and creator, with his wife Cindy, of the Pritzker Architecture Prize — architecture's Nobel. · 1957Jerome FriedmanPhysicist; deep inelastic scattering revealing quarks, Nobel Prize 1990 · 1930Jerome KarlePhysical chemist who with Herbert Hauptman developed the direct methods for determining crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 · 1985Joel MokyrEconomic historian who showed that sustained growth needed both practical know-how and scientific explanation, in a culture open to new ideas; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2025; son of… · 2025John HarsanyiAnalysis of games of incomplete information (1967–1968), a foundation of the economics of information; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1994 · 1920John PolanyiChemist known for reaction dynamics and chemiluminescence; Nobel Prize 1986 · 1929John VaneAwarded the 1982 Nobel Prize for discovering how aspirin works and the biology of prostaglandins. · 1927Joseph BrodskyNobel Prize-winning poet and US Poet Laureate · 1940Joseph ErlangerPhysiologist who, with Herbert Gasser, built a cathode-ray oscillograph to record nerve impulses and showed that nerve fibres conduct at speeds set by their diameter; Nobel Prize in Physiology or… · 1874Joseph GoldsteinWith Michael Brown discovered the LDL receptor (1973) and how cells regulate cholesterol, the scientific basis of statin drugs; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 · 1940Joseph RotblatPhysicist who left the Manhattan Project on conscience; Nobel Peace Prize (1995) for the Pugwash anti-nuclear conferences · 1995Joseph StiglitzNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2001 for the analysis of markets with asymmetric information (screening, credit rationing, efficiency wages); chief economist of the World Bank 1997–2000 · 2001Joshua AngristEconomist who, with Guido Imbens, showed what natural experiments can reveal about cause and effect, and used them to measure the effects of schooling, class size and military service; Nobel Memorial… · 1960Joshua LederbergShowed that bacteria mate and exchange genes (genetic recombination) and co-discovered transduction; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 · 1958Julian SchwingerPhysicist; co-founder of quantum electrodynamics (QED), Nobel Prize 1965 · 1918Julius AxelrodShowed that nerve endings take back the noradrenaline they release (reuptake) and discovered the enzyme COMT; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 · 1970K. Alexander MüllerPhysicist at IBM Zurich who with Georg Bednorz discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramic copper oxides in 1986; Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 · 1927Karl LandsteinerDiscovery of the human blood groups · 1930Karl von FrischAwarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in Medicine for decoding the 'dance language' of honeybees · 1886Kenneth ArrowEconomist who proved the impossibility theorem of social choice and, with Gérard Debreu, the existence of a general equilibrium in a competitive economy; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1972 · 1972Konrad BlochBiochemist awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for elucidating the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. · 1912László KrasznahorkaiHungarian Nobel laureate in literature (2025), author of Satantango; Jewish father · 2025Lawrence KleinEconomist who built the first large econometric models of national economies, the Wharton models and Project LINK; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1980 · 1980Leon CooperPhysicist who proposed the electron pairs now called Cooper pairs and co-authored the BCS theory of superconductivity, then modelled learning in the brain; Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 · 1930Leon LedermanExperimental physicist who discovered the muon neutrino and the bottom quark, directed Fermilab and championed science teaching; Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 · 1922Leonid HurwiczFounder of mechanism design theory; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2007, received at ninety, the oldest laureate to that date · 1917Leonid KantorovichFounded linear programming; Nobel laureate in economics. · 1912Lev LandauTheoretical physicist; theory of superfluidity of liquid helium and of condensed matter, Nobel Prize in Physics 1962; co-author of the Course of Theoretical Physics · 1908Louise GlückNobel Prize-winning American poet and US Poet Laureate · 1943Ludwik RajchmanPolish physician who founded UNICEF (Nobel Peace Prize 1965) · 1946Maria Goeppert MayerTheoretical physicist who explained the magic numbers with the nuclear shell model; Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 · 1963Marshall NirenbergGenetic Code · 1968Martin ChalfieShowed that the jellyfish's green fluorescent protein (GFP) can light up chosen cells in living organisms; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 · 1947Martin KarplusTheoretical chemist who pioneered computer simulations of molecules, from the Karplus equation to the first molecular dynamics of a protein; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 · 2013Martin PerlPhysicist; discovered the tau lepton, Nobel Prize 1995 · 1927Martin RodbellAwarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of G-proteins in cellular signal transduction. · 1925Max BornCo-founder of quantum mechanics who gave the statistical interpretation of the wave function; Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 · 1954Max PerutzHemoglobin Structure · 1962Melvin CalvinPhotosynthesis · 1961Melvin SchwartzPhysicist; discovered the muon neutrino, Nobel Prize 1988 · 1932Menachem BeginSixth Prime Minister of Israel (1977–1983); negotiated the Camp David Accords and signed the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty; Nobel Peace Prize 1978 with Anwar Sadat · 1977Merton MillerModigliani–Miller theorems on capital structure and dividend policy (1958, with Franco Modigliani), foundation of modern corporate finance; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1990 · 1990Michael KremerNobel laureate in economics (2019) for experimental approaches to fighting poverty · 2019Michael RosbashGeneticist who with Jeffrey Hall isolated the period gene and showed how its protein drives the feedback loop of the circadian clock; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 · 1944Michael S. BrownAwarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for discovering the LDL receptor and the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. · 1941Michel DevoretPhysicist who showed quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in a macroscopic superconducting circuit, groundwork for superconducting qubits; Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 · 1953Milton FriedmanFree Market Economics · 1962Miriam MichelsonMiriam Michelson grew up in the iconic mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, the seventh of eight children of Jewish immigrant parents and sister of Albert Michelson, a future Nobel prize-winner.Murray Gell-MannClassification of elementary particles and their interactions (quark theory) · 1969Myron ScholesBlack–Scholes option-pricing formula (1973, with Fischer Black); Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1997 · 1997Nadine GordimerNobel Prize-winning South African novelist and anti-apartheid voice · 1923Nelly SachsGerman-Swedish poet, Nobel Prize in Literature 1966; wrote on the Jewish experience and Holocaust · 1966Niels BohrPhysicist who gave the quantum model of the atom in 1913 and led Copenhagen's Institute for Theoretical Physics; Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 · 1913Oliver HartNobel laureate in economics (2016) for contract theory · 2016Otto LoewiPharmacologist who proved the chemical transmission of nerve impulses and identified the vagus substance as acetylcholine; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 · 1936Otto MeyerhofAwarded the 1922 Nobel Prize for discovering the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscle. · 1884Otto SternMolecular beam method, the Stern–Gerlach experiment and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton; Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 · 1888Otto WallachChemist known for alicyclic compounds and terpenes; Nobel Prize 1910 · 1847Otto WarburgDiscovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme · 1931Patrick ModianoNobel Prize-winning French novelist of memory and occupation · 1945Paul BergBiochemist who made the first recombinant DNA molecule in 1972, the starting point of genetic engineering, and organized the 1975 Asilomar conference on its safety; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 · 1972Paul EhrlichChemotherapy · 1908Paul GreengardShowed how dopamine and other transmitters act on nerve cells through protein phosphorylation, the basis of slow synaptic transmission; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 · 1925Paul KrugmanNew trade theory and new economic geography; sole winner of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity · 2008Paul MilgromEconomist who generalised auction theory and, with Robert Wilson, designed the simultaneous multiple round auction first used for US radio spectrum in 1994; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences… · 1948Paul SamuelsonEconomic Theory · 1948Paul von HeyseFirst German Nobel laureate in literature (1910); poet and novelist of Jewish paternal descent · 1910Peter BenensonBritish lawyer who founded Amnesty International (Nobel Peace Prize 1977) · 1961Peter DiamondEconomist who laid the foundations of search theory — why unemployment and job vacancies coexist — and wrote widely used models of public debt and optimal taxation; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic… · 1940Philippe AghionEconomist who, with Peter Howitt, built the model of growth through creative destruction (1992); John von Neumann Award 2009; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2025 · 2025Rainer WeissPhysicist who conceived the laser-interferometer design of LIGO and co-founded it; first observation of gravitational waves; Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 · 2017Ralph SteinmanImmunologist who discovered the dendritic cell in 1973 and showed how it switches on adaptive immunity; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 · 1943Randy SchekmanCell biologist who used yeast genetics to find the genes that govern vesicle traffic and protein secretion in cells; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 · 1948Raphael LemkinPolish-Jewish lawyer who coined the word 'genocide' (1944) and single-handedly campaigned for the UN Genocide Convention, adopted in 1948. Lost 49 relatives in the Holocaust; twice nominated for the… · 1948Reinhard SeltenSubgame perfection (1965) and trembling-hand perfection (1975), refining the Nash equilibrium; pioneer of experimental economics; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1994 · 1994René CassinJurist of Free France and principal drafter of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights; president of the European Court of Human Rights and Nobel Peace Prize 1968 · 1968Richard AxelAwarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for discovering odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system. · 1946Richard FeynmanPhysicist who helped rebuild quantum electrodynamics and introduced Feynman diagrams; Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 · 1948Richard ThalerFounder of behavioural economics — mental accounting, the endowment effect, fairness and self-control — and co-author of Nudge (2008); Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2017 · 2017Richard WillstätterWorked out the chemistry of chlorophyll and other plant pigments; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 · 1915Rita Levi-MontalciniDiscovery of nerve growth factor (NGF), first isolated in 1952; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986; senator for life of Italy from 2001 · 1986Roald HoffmannTheoretical chemist and child survivor of the Holocaust who with Robert Woodward set out the orbital symmetry rules for the course of chemical reactions; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981, shared with… · 1981Robert AumannGame Theory · 2005Robert BárányOtologist awarded the 1914 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular (balance) apparatus of the inner ear. · 1876Robert C. MertonNobel laureate in economics (1997) for the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model; son of sociologist Robert K. Merton · 1997Robert FogelRenewal of economic history using quantitative and economic-theory methods · 1993Robert FurchgottAwarded the 1998 Nobel Prize for discovering nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. · 1916Robert HofstadterPhysicist; electron scattering revealing the size and structure of nuclei and nucleons, Nobel Prize in Physics 1961; thallium-activated sodium iodide gamma-ray detector · 1915Robert LefkowitzPhysician and biochemist who tracked down and characterised the G-protein-coupled receptors through which about half of all medicines act; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 · 1943Robert SolowEconomic Growth Theory · 1987Roger KornbergBiochemist who identified the nucleosome and captured the transcription machinery of eukaryotic cells in atomic detail; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 · 2006Roger MyersonNobel laureate (2007) for foundational work on mechanism design and game theory · 1951Roger PenroseMathematical physicist who proved that black holes are an inevitable outcome of general relativity; twistor theory and Penrose tilings; Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 · 1931Roger W. Straus Jr.Co-founded Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1946 and made it the most decorated literary house in America — more than twenty of its authors have won the Nobel. · 1946Rosalyn YalowDeveloped radioimmunoassay with Solomon Berson, a way of measuring minute amounts of hormones in the blood, which they chose not to patent; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 · 1977Roy GlauberTheoretical physicist whose quantum theory of optical coherence founded quantum optics; Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 · 1925Rudolph MarcusTheoretical chemist whose Marcus theory explains the rates of electron transfer reactions, from corrosion to photosynthesis, and co-author of the RRKM theory of reaction rates; Nobel Prize in… · 1923Salvador LuriaShowed with Max Delbrück that bacteria mutate spontaneously (fluctuation test); co-founded the phage group; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 for discoveries on the replication and genetics… · 1912Saul BellowNovelist · 1953Saul PerlmutterAstrophysicist who led the Supernova Cosmology Project and co-discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe; Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 · 2011Selman WaksmanStreptomycin (first antibiotic for TB), discovered in his Rutgers laboratory; coined the term antibiotics; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 · 1943Serge HarochePhysicist; measuring and manipulating individual quantum systems, Nobel Prize 2012 · 1944Sheldon GlashowPhysicist; electroweak unification theory, Nobel Prize 1979 · 1932Shimon PeresDirector-general of the Ministry of Defence (1953–1959), Prime Minister (1984–1986, 1995–1996) and ninth President of Israel (2007–2014); as foreign minister led the Israeli side of the 1993 Oslo… · 1984Shmuel Yosef AgnonCentral figure of modern Hebrew fiction (The Bridal Canopy, A Guest for the Night, Only Yesterday); Nobel Prize in Literature 1966, shared with Nelly Sachs, for narrative art with motifs from the… · 1887Sidney AltmanCatalytic RNA · 1989Simon KuznetsEmpirical research on economic growth and the measurement of national income · 1971Stanley CohenGrowth Factors · 1986Stanley PrusinerDiscovered prions, infectious agents made of misfolded protein alone, the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 · 1997Steven WeinbergUnified theory of the electromagnetic and weak forces (electroweak unification) · 1979Sydney BrennerHelped establish messenger RNA and the triplet genetic code, and made the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans a model for the genetics of development; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 · 2002Tadeus ReichsteinAwarded the 1950 Nobel Prize for research on the hormones of the adrenal cortex, including cortisone. · 1897Tobias AsserDutch jurist; co-founder of the Institute of International Law (1873) and initiator and president of the Hague conferences on private international law; Nobel Peace Prize 1911 · 1911Vitaly GinzburgPhysicist; Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity (1950), Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 · 1916Walter GilbertDNA Sequencing · 1980Walter KohnPhysicist, co-founder of density functional theory; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 · 1923Wassily LeontiefEconomist who created input-output analysis and compiled the first input-output tables of the American economy; Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1973 · 1905Willem EinthovenInventeur de l'électrocardiogramme, prix Nobel de médecine 1924 · 1903William NordhausEconomist who built the first integrated assessment models of the economy and the climate, including the DICE model (1992); Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2018 · 1941William SteinRibonuclease Structure · 1972Wolfgang PauliTheoretical physicist who formulated the exclusion principle and proposed the neutrino; Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 · 1945Yelena BonnerSoviet dissident and founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group; carried Andrei Sakharov's Nobel lecture to Oslo and kept the Soviet human-rights movement visible from exile · 1976Yitzhak RabinPrime Minister of Israel (1974–1977 and 1992–1995) and IDF Chief of Staff in 1967; signed the 1993 Declaration of Principles and the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty; Nobel Peace Prize 1994 · 1974Zhores AlferovPhysicist; semiconductor heterostructures for optoelectronics, Nobel Prize 2000 · 1930ACAndré CharpakComédien, dialoguiste et réalisateur, auteur du Crime de David Levinstein, frère du prix Nobel Georges Charpak · 1967HRH. Robert HorvitzAwarded the 2002 Nobel Prize for discoveries on the genetic regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). · 1947MLMichael LevittComputational Chemistry · 2013