Aage BohrNuclear physicist who showed with Ben Mottelson that atomic nuclei can deform and rotate; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1975 · 1975Aaron Ciechanoverاكتشاف تحلل البروتين بوساطة اليوبيكويتين · 2004Aaron KlugCrystallographic Electron Microscopy · 1982Ada Yonathدراسات بنية الريبوسوم ووظيفته · 2009Adam Riessعالم فيزياء فلكية; اكتشف the accelerating universe, جائزة نوبل 2011 · 1969Adolf von Baeyerكيميائي عضوي who synthesized indigo dye; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1905 · 1835Alan Heegerكيميائي المعروف بـ conductive polymers; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2000 · 1936Albert Einsteinفيزيائي الذي أسّس special and general relativity and explained the photoelectric effect; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1921 · 1905Albert MichelsonOptical precision instruments and interferometry; the Michelson–Morley experiment and decades of measurements of the speed of light; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1907 · 1907Alexander Del MarMonetary economist and historian; first director of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics and author of A History of Money; of Sephardic Jewish family, praised by Nobel laureate James Tobin · 1836Alexei Abrikosovفيزيائي; theory of the vortex lattice in type-II superconductors (1957), جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2003 · 1928Alfred FriedAustrian pacifist; جائزة نوبل للسلام (1911) for founding the German peace movement · 1911Alfred Gilmanنال 1994 جائزة نوبل for the discovery of G-proteins and their role in cellular signal transduction. · 1941Alvin RothTheory of stable allocations and the practice of market design · 2012André Lwoffنال 1965 جائزة نوبل for work on lysogeny and the genetic control of viruses. · 1902Andrea Ghezعالم فلك whose measurements of stellar orbits revealed the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2020 · 1965Andrew Fireحائز جائزة نوبل in medicine (2006) for the discovery of RNA interference (gene silencing) · 2006Arieh WarshelComputational chemist who, with Michael Levitt, published the first computer model of an enzymatic reaction (the QM/MM approach); جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2013 · 2013Arno PenziasRadio astronomer, a child refugee of the Kindertransport, who with Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, the afterglow of the Big Bang; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1978 · 1933Arseny Roginskyمؤرخ الذي أسّس and chaired Memorial, the human-rights society (جائزة نوبل للسلام 2022) · 1990Arthur Ashkinفيزيائي at Bell Labs الذي اخترع optical tweezers and applied them to living cells; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2018 · 1922Arthur KornbergDNA Synthesis · 1959Arthur Schawlowفيزيائي who with Charles Townes laid the theoretical foundations of the laser and then developed high-precision laser spectroscopy; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1981 · 1921Avram Hershkoاكتشاف تحلل البروتين بوساطة اليوبيكويتين · 2004Barry Barishفيزيائي; leadership of LIGO detection of gravitational waves, جائزة نوبل 2017 · 1936Baruch Blumbergفيروس التهاب الكبد B ولقاحه · 1976Baruj Benacerrafاكتشف the immune response (Ir) genes of the major histocompatibility complex that control the strength of immune reactions; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1980; president of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute… · 1920Ben Bernankeعالم اقتصاد who showed how bank failures deepened and prolonged the Great Depression; chaired the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2022 · 2006Ben Mottelsonحائز جائزة نوبل in physics (1975) for nuclear structure; Atoms for Peace Award (1969) · 1975Bernard KatzShowed that acetylcholine is released at the nerve-muscle junction in packets of fixed size (quanta); جائزة نوبل في الطب 1970 · 1970Bernard Kouchnerطبيب فرنسي الذي شارك في تأسيس Médecins Sans Frontières (جائزة نوبل للسلام 1999); Jewish father · 1971Bernard LownCo-inventor of the defibrillator; شارك في تأسيس IPPNW (جائزة نوبل للسلام 1985) · 1980Bob Dylanمغنٍ ومؤلف أغانٍ · 1962Boris Pasternakشاعر روسي (My Sister, Life), مترجم of Shakespeare and Goethe, مؤلف Doctor Zhivago; جائزة نوبل في الأدب 1958, which the Soviet authorities forced him to decline; born into an assimilated Jewish… · 1957Brian Josephsonفيزيائي who, as a 22-year-old research student in Cambridge, predicted the Josephson effect, the tunnelling of a supercurrent between two superconductors; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1973 · 1940Bruce BeutlerFound that Toll-like receptor 4 is the sensor of bacterial lipopolysaccharide that switches on innate immunity; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2011 · 1957Burton Richterفيزيائي; اكتشف the J/psi particle (charm quark), جائزة نوبل 1976 · 1931César Milsteinنال 1984 جائزة نوبل for developing the technique to produce monoclonal antibodies. · 1927Christian AnfinsenShowed with ribonuclease that a protein's amino-acid sequence alone determines its folded, active shape; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1972 · 1972Claude Cohen-Tannoudjiفيزيائي; methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light, جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1997; co-author of the textbook Quantum Mechanics · 1997Claudia Goldinحائز جائزة نوبل (2023) who chronicled women's place in the labor market; Nemmers Prize (2020) · 2023Dan Shechtmanأشباه البلورات · 2011Daniel Kahnemanعالم نفس who, with Amos Tversky, documented the systematic biases of intuitive judgment and developed prospect theory (1979); جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2002 · 2002Daniel NathansUsed restriction enzymes to cut the DNA of the tumour virus SV40 into defined fragments and map it, founding a basic method of molecular biology; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1978 · 1928David Bakerعالم كيمياء حيوية الذي ابتكر the Rosetta software and designed Top7, the first protein with a structure unknown in nature; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2024 for computational protein design · 1962David Baltimoreاكتشف reverse transcriptase (1970), the enzyme retroviruses such as HIV use to copy RNA into DNA; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1975; president of Caltech 1997–2006 · 1975David Grossفيزيائي; اكتشف asymptotic freedom in QCD, جائزة نوبل 2004 · 1941David Juliusنال 2021 جائزة نوبل in Medicine for discovering receptors for temperature and touch · 1955David Leeفيزيائي; with Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson discovered superfluidity in helium-3 at Cornell in 1972, جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1996 · 1931Dennis GaborHolography · 1947Donald Glaserفيزيائي; اخترع the bubble chamber (1952), جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1960; later a pioneer of biotechnology (Cetus) and of vision neuroscience · 1926Douglas Diamondحائز جائزة نوبل (2022) whose Diamond-Dybvig model explains bank runs and the role of banks in financial crises · 1953Douglas Osheroffفيزيائي; as a Cornell graduate student co-discovered superfluidity in helium-3 in 1972, جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1996 · 1945Drew Weissmanطبيب and immunologist who with Katalin Karikó found the nucleoside base modifications that made mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 possible; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2023 · 2023Edmond Fischerنال 1992 جائزة نوبل for discovering reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism. · 1920Elfriede Jelinekروائي نمساوي and playwright (The Piano Teacher, The Children of the Dead); جائزة نوبل في الأدب 2004 for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices; daughter of a chemist of Czech-Jewish origin · 1946Elias Canettiجائزة نوبل-winning novelist ('Auto-da-Fé', 'Crowds and Power') · 1905Elie Metchnikoffاكتشف phagocytosis and cellular immunity; Nobel 1908 (NOT the inventor of yogurt; he popularized the probiotic/lactic-acid longevity theory) · 1908Elie WieselHolocaust survivor and writer (Night); chairman of the President's Commission on the Holocaust that led to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum; جائزة نوبل للسلام 1986 as a messenger to mankind · 1986Elinor OstromFirst woman to receive the جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد (2009), for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons; daughter of a Jewish father, raised Protestant · 2009Emilio Segrèفيزيائي; اكتشف the antiproton, جائزة نوبل 1959 · 1905Eric KandelShowed in the sea snail Aplysia how learning changes synapses and how short- and long-term memories are stored; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2000 · 2000Eric Maskinحائز جائزة نوبل (2007) for developing the theory of mechanism design · 1950Ernst Boris Chainعالم كيمياء حيوية who, with Howard Florey at Oxford, isolated penicillin and demonstrated its curative action; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1945 · 1906Eugene WignerMathematical physicist; brought group theory and symmetry principles into quantum mechanics, theory of the nuclear force; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1963 · 1902Felix BlochQuantum theory of electrons in crystals and nuclear magnetic induction (NMR); جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1952; first Director-General of CERN · 1905Franco ModiglianiLife-Cycle Hypothesis · 1985François EnglertTheory of the mechanism giving elementary particles mass (Higgs mechanism) · 2013François Jacobنال 1965 جائزة نوبل for discovering the operon model of gene regulation. · 1920Frank Wilczekفيزيائي نظري الذي اكتشف asymptotic freedom with David Gross and named the axion and anyons; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2004 · 2004Frederick Reinesفيزيائي; first experimental detection of the neutrino, جائزة نوبل 1995 · 1918Fritz HaberSynthesis of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen, the basis of the Haber–Bosch process and of nitrogen fertiliser; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1918 · 1918Fritz Lipmannاكتشف coenzyme A and introduced the concept of energy-rich phosphate bonds; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1953 · 1899Gabriel Lippmannاخترع interference method of color photography; Nobel Physics 1908 · 1908Gary BeckerEconomic Analysis of Human Behavior · 1992Gary Ruvkunعالم أحياء جزيئية who, with Victor Ambros, اكتشف microRNA and its role in gene regulation, and showed in 2000 that the second microRNA, let-7, is conserved across animals; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2024 · 1952George Akerlofجائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2001 for the analysis of markets with asymmetric information; his 1970 paper The Market for Lemons showed how hidden quality can make a market wither · 1940George de Hevesyرائد radioactive tracers in chemistry and biology and co-discoverer of hafnium; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1943 · 1943George Olahكيميائي who used superacids to make fleeting carbocations stable enough to study; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1994 · 1927George Waldنال 1967 جائزة نوبل for discovering the biochemical processes of vision in the retina. · 1906Georges Charpakفيزيائي; اخترع the multiwire proportional chamber particle detector, جائزة نوبل 1992 · 1924Gerald Edelmanنال 1972 جائزة نوبل for determining the chemical structure of antibodies. · 1929Gertrude Elionكان رائدًا في rational drug design with George Hitchings, producing 6-mercaptopurine for childhood leukaemia, azathioprine for transplants, allopurinol, acyclovir and other medicines; جائزة نوبل في… · 1988Gerty Coriعالم كيمياء حيوية awarded the 1947 جائزة نوبل for discovering the Cori cycle of glycogen metabolism; first woman to win the medicine Nobel. · 1896Giuseppe LeviHistologist and pioneer of tissue culture who mentored three future Nobel laureates. · 1872Gustav Ludwig Hertzحائز جائزة نوبل in physics for the Franck–Hertz experiment that proved the quantum energy levels of atoms, forced out of his chair in 1935 for his Jewish grandfather · 1925H. David Politzerفيزيائي; اكتشف asymptotic freedom in QCD, جائزة نوبل 2004 · 1949Hans BetheManhattan Project Theoretical Division Head · 1945Hans KrebsDiscovery of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular metabolism · 1953Harold Krotoحائز جائزة نوبل in chemistry (1996) for the discovery of fullerenes (buckyballs) · 1996Harold PinterDrama uncovering the precipice under everyday conversation · 2005Harold VarmusWith Michael Bishop showed that retroviral oncogenes derive from normal cellular genes (proto-oncogenes), جائزة نوبل في الطب 1989; مخرج of the NIH 1993–1999 and of the National Cancer Institute… · 1989Harry MarkowitzModern portfolio theory: choosing investments by the expected return and the variance of the whole portfolio (Portfolio Selection, 1952); جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1990 · 1990Harvey Alterنال 2020 جائزة نوبل for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus. · 1935Henri Bergsonفيلسوف فرنسي of duration and creative evolution, جائزة نوبل في الأدب 1927 for his rich and vitalizing ideas; refused Vichy's exemption from the anti-Jewish laws and registered as a Jew in 1940 · 1927Henri Kaganكيميائي, رائد asymmetric catalysis (DIOP, nonlinear effects); جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2026 · 2026Henri Moissanكيميائي who first isolated fluorine; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1906 · 1852Henry KissingerHarvard political scientist, National Security Advisor and Secretary of State; جائزة نوبل للسلام 1973 for negotiating the Vietnam cease-fire · 1923Herbert Brownكيميائي who found how to make sodium borohydride and developed hydroboration, turning boron compounds into important reagents of organic synthesis; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1979 · 1979Herbert HauptmanX-ray Crystallography · 1985Herbert SimonSocial scientist of administrative decision-making and bounded rationality, and with Allen Newell a pioneer of artificial intelligence; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1978 · 1978Hermann MullerShowed in 1927 that X-rays produce gene mutations, founding radiation genetics; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1946 · 1890Howard TeminProposed the DNA provirus hypothesis (1964) and co-discovered reverse transcriptase (1970), showing that genetic information can flow from RNA to DNA; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1975 · 1975Ilya Frankفيزيائي; with Igor Tamm explained Cherenkov radiation (1937); جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1958, shared with Cherenkov and Tamm · 1908Ilya PrigogineDissipative Structures · 1977Imre KertészHungarian survivor of Auschwitz and Buchenwald, مؤلف Fatelessness; جائزة نوبل في الأدب 2002 for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of… · 2002Irwin Roseنال 2004 جائزة نوبل for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. · 1926Isaac Bashevis Singerروائي · 1978Isidor RabiResonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, the basis of NMR and later MRI; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1944 · 1944J. Michael Kosterlitzجائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2016 for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter · 2016Jack Steinbergerفيزيائي; اكتشف the muon neutrino, جائزة نوبل 1988 · 1921James FranckFranck–Hertz experiment confirming the quantized energy levels of atoms; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1925; later research on photosynthesis · 1882James Rothmanعالم كيمياء حيوية who uncovered the protein machinery of the SNAREs that lets vesicles dock and fuse with their targets inside cells; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2013 · 1950Jay Pritzkerمؤسس Hyatt Hotels (1957) and creator, with his wife Cindy, of the Pritzker Architecture Prize — architecture's Nobel. · 1957Jerome Friedmanفيزيائي; deep inelastic scattering revealing quarks, جائزة نوبل 1990 · 1930Jerome Karleكيميائي فيزيائي who with Herbert Hauptman developed the direct methods for determining crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1985 · 1985Joel MokyrEconomic historian who showed that sustained growth needed both practical know-how and scientific explanation, in a culture open to new ideas; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2025; son of Dutch Jewish… · 2025John Harsanyiالتحليل الرياضي of games of incomplete information (1967–1968), a foundation of the economics of information; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1994 · 1920John Polanyiكيميائي المعروف بـ reaction dynamics and chemiluminescence; جائزة نوبل 1986 · 1929John Vaneنال 1982 جائزة نوبل for discovering how aspirin works and the biology of prostaglandins. · 1927Joseph Brodskyجائزة نوبل-winning poet and US Poet Laureate · 1940Joseph Erlangerعالم وظائف الأعضاء who, with Herbert Gasser, بنى a cathode-ray oscillograph to record nerve impulses and showed that nerve fibres conduct at speeds set by their diameter; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1944 · 1874Joseph GoldsteinWith Michael Brown discovered the LDL receptor (1973) and how cells regulate cholesterol, the scientific basis of statin drugs; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1985 · 1940Joseph Rotblatفيزيائي who left the Manhattan Project on conscience; جائزة نوبل للسلام (1995) for the Pugwash anti-nuclear conferences · 1995Joseph Stiglitzجائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2001 for the analysis of markets with asymmetric information (screening, credit rationing, efficiency wages); chief economist of the World Bank 1997–2000 · 2001Joshua Angristعالم اقتصاد who, with Guido Imbens, showed what natural experiments can reveal about cause and effect, and used them to measure the effects of schooling, class size and military service; جائزة نوبل… · 1960Joshua LederbergShowed that bacteria mate and exchange genes (genetic recombination) and co-discovered transduction; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1958 · 1958Julian Schwingerفيزيائي; من مؤسسي quantum electrodynamics (QED), جائزة نوبل 1965 · 1918Julius AxelrodShowed that nerve endings take back the noradrenaline they release (reuptake) and discovered the enzyme COMT; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1970 · 1970K. Alexander Müllerفيزيائي at IBM Zurich who with Georg Bednorz discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramic copper oxides in 1986; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1987 · 1927Karl Landsteinerاكتشاف فصائل الدم البشرية · 1930Karl von Frischنال 1973 جائزة نوبل in Medicine for decoding the 'dance language' of honeybees · 1886Kenneth Arrowعالم اقتصاد who proved the impossibility theorem of social choice and, with Gérard Debreu, the existence of a general equilibrium in a competitive economy; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1972 · 1972Konrad Blochعالم كيمياء حيوية awarded the 1964 جائزة نوبل for elucidating the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. · 1912László Krasznahorkaiحائز جائزة نوبل مجري in literature (2025), مؤلف Satantango; Jewish father · 2025Lawrence Kleinعالم اقتصاد who built the first large econometric models of national economies, the Wharton models and Project LINK; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1980 · 1980Leon Cooperفيزيائي who proposed the electron pairs now called Cooper pairs and co-authored the BCS theory of superconductivity, then modelled learning in the brain; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1972 · 1930Leon LedermanExperimental physicist الذي اكتشف the muon neutrino and the bottom quark, أخرج Fermilab and championed science teaching; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1988 · 1922Leonid Hurwiczمؤسس mechanism design theory; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2007, received at ninety, the oldest laureate to that date · 1917Leonid Kantorovichأسّس linear programming; حائز جائزة نوبل in economics. · 1912Lev Landauفيزيائي نظري; theory of superfluidity of liquid helium and of condensed matter, جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1962; co-author of the Course of Theoretical Physics · 1908Louise Glückجائزة نوبل-winning American poet and US Poet Laureate · 1943Ludwik Rajchmanطبيب بولندي الذي أسّس UNICEF (جائزة نوبل للسلام 1965) · 1946Maria Goeppert Mayerفيزيائي نظري who explained the magic numbers with the nuclear shell model; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1963 · 1963Marshall NirenbergGenetic Code · 1968Martin ChalfieShowed that the jellyfish's green fluorescent protein (GFP) can light up chosen cells in living organisms; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2008 · 1947Martin Karplusكيميائي نظري who pioneered computer simulations of molecules, from the Karplus equation to the first molecular dynamics of a protein; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2013 · 2013Martin Perlفيزيائي; اكتشف the tau lepton, جائزة نوبل 1995 · 1927Martin Rodbellنال 1994 جائزة نوبل for the discovery of G-proteins in cellular signal transduction. · 1925Max Bornمن مؤسسي quantum mechanics who gave the statistical interpretation of the wave function; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1954 · 1954Max PerutzHemoglobin Structure · 1962Melvin CalvinPhotosynthesis · 1961Melvin Schwartzفيزيائي; اكتشف the muon neutrino, جائزة نوبل 1988 · 1932Menachem BeginSixth Prime Minister of Israel (1977–1983); negotiated the Camp David Accords and signed the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty; جائزة نوبل للسلام 1978 with Anwar Sadat · 1977Merton MillerModigliani–Miller theorems on capital structure and dividend policy (1958, with Franco Modigliani), foundation of modern corporate finance; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1990 · 1990Michael Kremerحائز جائزة نوبل in economics (2019) for experimental approaches to fighting poverty · 2019Michael Rosbashعالم وراثة who with Jeffrey Hall isolated the period gene and showed how its protein drives the feedback loop of the circadian clock; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2017 · 1944Michael S. Brownنال 1985 جائزة نوبل for discovering the LDL receptor and the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. · 1941Michel Devoretفيزيائي who showed quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in a macroscopic superconducting circuit, groundwork for superconducting qubits; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2025 · 1953Milton FriedmanFree Market Economics · 1962Miriam MichelsonMiriam Michelson grew up in the iconic mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, the seventh of eight children of Jewish immigrant parents and sister of Albert Michelson, a future Nobel prize-winner.Murray Gell-MannClassification of elementary particles and their interactions (quark theory) · 1969Myron ScholesBlack–Scholes option-pricing formula (1973, with Fischer Black); جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1997 · 1997Nadine Gordimerجائزة نوبل-winning South African novelist and anti-apartheid voice · 1923Nelly SachsGerman-Swedish poet, جائزة نوبل في الأدب 1966; كتب on the Jewish experience and Holocaust · 1966Niels Bohrفيزيائي who gave the quantum model of the atom in 1913 and led Copenhagen's Institute for Theoretical Physics; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1922 · 1913Oliver Hartحائز جائزة نوبل in economics (2016) for contract theory · 2016Otto Loewiعالم أدوية who proved the chemical transmission of nerve impulses and identified the vagus substance as acetylcholine; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1936 · 1936Otto Meyerhofنال 1922 جائزة نوبل for discovering the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscle. · 1884Otto SternMolecular beam method, the Stern–Gerlach experiment and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1943 · 1888Otto Wallachكيميائي المعروف بـ alicyclic compounds and terpenes; جائزة نوبل 1910 · 1847Otto WarburgDiscovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme · 1931Patrick Modianoجائزة نوبل-winning French novelist of memory and occupation · 1945Paul Bergعالم كيمياء حيوية who made the first recombinant DNA molecule in 1972, the starting point of genetic engineering, and organized the 1975 Asilomar conference on its safety; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1980 · 1972Paul Ehrlichالعلاج الكيميائي · 1908Paul GreengardShowed how dopamine and other transmitters act on nerve cells through protein phosphorylation, the basis of slow synaptic transmission; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2000 · 1925Paul KrugmanNew trade theory and new economic geography; sole winner of the 2008 جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity · 2008Paul Milgromعالم اقتصاد who generalised auction theory and, with Robert Wilson, صمّم the simultaneous multiple round auction first used for US radio spectrum in 1994; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2020 · 1948Paul SamuelsonEconomic Theory · 1948Paul von HeyseFirst German Nobel laureate in literature (1910); شاعر and novelist of Jewish paternal descent · 1910Peter Benensonمحامٍ بريطاني الذي أسّس Amnesty International (جائزة نوبل للسلام 1977) · 1961Peter Diamondعالم اقتصاد who laid the foundations of search theory — why unemployment and job vacancies coexist — and wrote widely used models of public debt and optimal taxation; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2010 · 1940Philippe Aghionعالم اقتصاد who, with Peter Howitt, بنى the model of growth through creative destruction (1992); John von Neumann Award 2009; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2025 · 2025Rainer Weissفيزيائي who conceived the laser-interferometer design of LIGO and co-founded it; first observation of gravitational waves; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2017 · 2017Ralph Steinmanعالم مناعة الذي اكتشف the dendritic cell in 1973 and showed how it switches on adaptive immunity; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2011 · 1943Randy SchekmanCell biologist who used yeast genetics to find the genes that govern vesicle traffic and protein secretion in cells; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2013 · 1948Raphael LemkinPolish-Jewish lawyer who coined the word 'genocide' (1944) and single-handedly campaigned for the UN Genocide Convention, adopted in 1948. Lost 49 relatives in the Holocaust; twice nominated for the… · 1948Reinhard SeltenSubgame perfection (1965) and trembling-hand perfection (1975), refining the Nash equilibrium; رائد experimental economics; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1994 · 1994René CassinJurist of Free France and principal drafter of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights; president of the European Court of Human Rights and جائزة نوبل للسلام 1968 · 1968Richard Axelنال 2004 جائزة نوبل for discovering odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system. · 1946Richard Feynmanفيزيائي who helped rebuild quantum electrodynamics and introduced Feynman diagrams; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1965 · 1948Richard Thalerمؤسس behavioural economics — mental accounting, the endowment effect, fairness and self-control — and co-author of Nudge (2008); جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2017 · 2017Richard WillstätterWorked out the chemistry of chlorophyll and other plant pigments; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1915 · 1915Rita Levi-MontalciniDiscovery of nerve growth factor (NGF), first isolated in 1952; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1986; senator for life of Italy from 2001 · 1986Roald Hoffmannكيميائي نظري and child survivor of the Holocaust who with Robert Woodward set out the orbital symmetry rules for the course of chemical reactions; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1981, shared with Kenichi… · 1981Robert Aumannنظرية الألعاب · 2005Robert BárányOtologist awarded the 1914 جائزة نوبل in Medicine for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular (balance) apparatus of the inner ear. · 1876Robert C. Mertonحائز جائزة نوبل in economics (1997) for the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model; son of sociologist Robert K. Merton · 1997Robert FogelRenewal of economic history using quantitative and economic-theory methods · 1993Robert Furchgottنال 1998 جائزة نوبل for discovering nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. · 1916Robert Hofstadterفيزيائي; electron scattering revealing the size and structure of nuclei and nucleons, جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1961; thallium-activated sodium iodide gamma-ray detector · 1915Robert Lefkowitzطبيب and biochemist who tracked down and characterised the G-protein-coupled receptors through which about half of all medicines act; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2012 · 1943Robert SolowEconomic Growth Theory · 1987Roger Kornbergعالم كيمياء حيوية who identified the nucleosome and captured the transcription machinery of eukaryotic cells in atomic detail; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 2006 · 2006Roger Myersonحائز جائزة نوبل (2007) for foundational work on mechanism design and game theory · 1951Roger PenroseMathematical physicist who proved that black holes are an inevitable outcome of general relativity; twistor theory and Penrose tilings; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2020 · 1931Roger W. Straus Jr.شارك في تأسيس Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1946 and made it the most decorated literary house in America — more than twenty of its authors have won the Nobel. · 1946Rosalyn Yalowطوّر radioimmunoassay with Solomon Berson, a way of measuring minute amounts of hormones in the blood, which they chose not to patent; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1977 · 1977Roy Glauberفيزيائي نظري whose quantum theory of optical coherence founded quantum optics; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2005 · 1925Rudolph Marcusكيميائي نظري whose Marcus theory explains the rates of electron transfer reactions, from corrosion to photosynthesis, and co-author of the RRKM theory of reaction rates; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1992 · 1923Salvador LuriaShowed with Max Delbrück that bacteria mutate spontaneously (fluctuation test); شارك في تأسيس the phage group; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1969 for discoveries on the replication and genetics of viruses · 1912Saul Bellowروائي · 1953Saul Perlmutterعالم فيزياء فلكية who led the Supernova Cosmology Project and co-discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2011 · 2011Selman Waksmanالستربتومايسين (أول مضاد حيوي للسل), اكتشف in his Rutgers laboratory; coined the term antibiotics; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1952 · 1943Serge Harocheفيزيائي; measuring and manipulating individual quantum systems, جائزة نوبل 2012 · 1944Sheldon Glashowفيزيائي; electroweak unification theory, جائزة نوبل 1979 · 1932Shimon Peresمخرج-general of the Ministry of Defence (1953–1959), Prime Minister (1984–1986, 1995–1996) and ninth President of Israel (2007–2014); as foreign minister led the Israeli side of the 1993 Oslo… · 1984Shmuel Yosef AgnonCentral figure of modern Hebrew fiction (The Bridal Canopy, A Guest for the Night, Only Yesterday); جائزة نوبل في الأدب 1966, shared with Nelly Sachs, for narrative art with motifs from the life of… · 1887Sidney AltmanCatalytic RNA · 1989Simon KuznetsEmpirical research on economic growth and the measurement of national income · 1971Stanley Cohenعوامل النمو · 1986Stanley Prusinerاكتشف prions, infectious agents made of misfolded protein alone, the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie; جائزة نوبل في الطب 1997 · 1997Steven WeinbergUnified theory of the electromagnetic and weak forces (electroweak unification) · 1979Sydney BrennerHelped establish messenger RNA and the triplet genetic code, and made the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans a model for the genetics of development; جائزة نوبل في الطب 2002 · 2002Tadeus Reichsteinنال 1950 جائزة نوبل for research on the hormones of the adrenal cortex, including cortisone. · 1897Tobias AsserDutch jurist; من مؤسسي the Institute of International Law (1873) and initiator and president of the Hague conferences on private international law; جائزة نوبل للسلام 1911 · 1911Vitaly Ginzburgفيزيائي; Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity (1950), جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2003 · 1916Walter GilbertDNA Sequencing · 1980Walter Kohnفيزيائي, من مؤسسي density functional theory; جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء 1998 · 1923Wassily Leontiefعالم اقتصاد الذي ابتكر input-output analysis and compiled the first input-output tables of the American economy; جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 1973 · 1905Willem EinthovenInventeur de l'électrocardiogramme, prix Nobel de médecine 1924 · 1903William Nordhausعالم اقتصاد who built the first integrated assessment models of the economy and the climate, including the DICE model (1992); جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد 2018 · 1941William SteinRibonuclease Structure · 1972Wolfgang Pauliفيزيائي نظري who formulated the exclusion principle and proposed the neutrino; جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1945 · 1945Yelena BonnerSoviet dissident and founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group; carried Andrei Sakharov's Nobel lecture to Oslo and kept the Soviet human-rights movement visible from exile · 1976Yitzhak RabinPrime Minister of Israel (1974–1977 and 1992–1995) and IDF Chief of Staff in 1967; signed the 1993 Declaration of Principles and the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty; جائزة نوبل للسلام 1994 · 1974Zhores Alferovفيزيائي; semiconductor heterostructures for optoelectronics, جائزة نوبل 2000 · 1930ACAndré CharpakComédien, dialoguiste et réalisateur, auteur du Crime de David Levinstein, frère du prix Nobel Georges Charpak · 1967HRH. Robert Horvitzنال 2002 جائزة نوبل for discoveries on the genetic regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). · 1947MLMichael Levittالكيمياء الحاسوبية · 2013