Евреи в Голливуде и в кино

Основатели больших студий, признанные режиссёры и актёры: еврейские кинематографисты и исполнители, помогавшие построить современное кино. У каждого профиля есть источники.

807

Aaron AltarasAaron AltarasGerman-Israeli actor featured in film and television. · 1995Aaron SorkinAaron SorkinScreenwriter of The West Wing and The Social Network, master of rapid dialogue. · 1961Aaron SpellingAaron SpellingRecord-setting television producer (Beverly Hills 90210, Dynasty, Charlie's Angels); son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. · 1980Aaron Taylor-JohnsonAaron Taylor-JohnsonEnglish actor; Kick-Ass, Nocturnal Animals (Golden Globe), Bullet Train and Kraven the Hunter · 2010Abigail BreslinAbigail BreslinAmerican actress; nominated for the Academy Award at ten for Little Miss Sunshine, then Zombieland and August: Osage County · 2006Abraham TuschinskiAbraham TuschinskiBuilt the Theater Tuschinski in Amsterdam (1921), still called the most beautiful cinema in the world; murdered at Auschwitz in 1942. · 1921Adah Isaacs MenkenAdah Isaacs MenkenIn her short but remarkable life, actress Adah Isaacs Menken became legendary for her scandalous defiance of convention.Adam BrodyAdam BrodyActor known for The O.C. and Shazam! · 1979Adam GoldbergAdam GoldbergAmerican actor of Jewish heritage. · 1998Adam LambergAdam LambergAmerican actor who played Gordo in the beloved series and film Lizzie McGuire. · 1984Adele Gutman NathanAdele Gutman NathanAdele Gutman Nathan was a prolific writer, theater director, and creator of historical pageants and commemorative events. · 1889Adolph ZukorAdolph ZukorFounded Paramount Pictures · 1912Adrienne ShellyAdrienne ShellyActress, screenwriter and director; wrote, directed and starred in Waitress · 2007Agam RudbergAgam RudbergIsraeli actress and model featured in Israeli TV dramas. · 1986Agnieszka HollandAgnieszka HollandDirector ('Europa Europa', 'In Darkness'); daughter of a Jewish father · 1948Aida BortnikAida BortnikAída Bortnik was an Argentine journalist, dramaturge, and screenwriter who wrote the first Argentine screenplay nominated for an Academy Award (“The Truce,” 1974), an award she later won for best… · 1938Akiva GoldsmanAkiva GoldsmanScreenwriter of A Beautiful Mind (Academy Award 2001) · 2001Alan ArkinAlan ArkinOscar-winning actor of Little Miss Sunshine. · 1934Alan J. PakulaAlan J. PakulaDirector of the 'paranoia trilogy' — Klute, The Parallax View and All the President's Men; screenwriter of Sophie's Choice and producer of To Kill a Mockingbird · 1976Albert MaltzAlbert MaltzPlaywright and screenwriter, one of the Hollywood Ten jailed in 1950 for refusing to testify before Congress; two Academy Awards for wartime documentary work · 1947Albert WarnerAlbert WarnerCo-founded Warner Bros. Studios · 1923Alden EhrenreichAlden EhrenreichAmerican actor; Hail, Caesar!, the young Han Solo in Solo: A Star Wars Story, and Oppenheimer · 2018Alejandro JodorowskyAlejandro JodorowskyFilmmaker and comics writer; El Topo, The Holy Mountain, The Incal · 1970Alex HirschAlex HirschAnimator who created the acclaimed Disney series 'Gravity Falls'. · 1985Alex WolffAlex WolffActor known for Hereditary and Pig (Jewish father) · 1997Alexa KarolinskiAlexa KarolinskiGerman-Jewish documentary filmmaker and co-creator of the acclaimed series 'Unorthodox.'Alexandre ArcadyAlexandre ArcadyFrench director born in Algiers to a Jewish Algerian mother (Le Grand Pardon, 24 Days) · 1982Alfred UhryAlfred UhryPulitzer playwright and Academy Award screenwriter of Driving Miss Daisy · 1989Alicia SilverstoneAlicia SilverstoneAmerican actress (Clueless); father born to a Jewish family, had a bat mitzvah. · 1995Aline Brosh McKennaAline Brosh McKennaScreenwriter of The Devil Wears Prada and co-creator of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. · 1967Alison BrieAlison BrieActress (Community, GLOW, Mad Men); partial Jewish (paternal), had a bat mitzvah · 2017Allegra KentAllegra KentDuring ballerina Allegra Kent’s long career with the New York City Ballet, she starred in many of George Balanchine’s most famous ballets, originating several principal roles created specifically for… · 1938Ally SheedyAlly SheedyActress of the 1980s Brat Pack (The Breakfast Club, WarGames). Jewish mother. · 1985Alma ZackAlma ZackIsraeli actress featured in the acclaimed series BeTipul. · 1970Alon NeumanAlon NeumanIsraeli actor working in Israeli television drama.Alona TalAlona TalIsraeli-American actress from Supernatural and Veronica Mars. · 1983Alvin SargentAlvin SargentTwo-time Academy Award screenwriter: Julia, Ordinary People; wrote Spider-Man 2 · 1980Alyson HanniganAlyson HanniganActress: Willow Rosenberg in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Lily Aldrin in How I Met Your Mother and Michelle in the American Pie films · 1997Amanda BynesAmanda BynesActress and former model · 2003Amanda PeetAmanda PeetAmerican actress (The Whole Nine Yards, 2012). Jewish mother. · 2000Amber BensonAmber BensonActress (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) · 2000Amit RahavAmit RahavIsraeli actor who starred in the Netflix miniseries Unorthodox. · 1995Amos GitaiAmos GitaiProlific Israeli filmmaker whose politically engaged films regularly screen at Cannes and Venice. · 1950Amy HeckerlingAmy HeckerlingDirector of 'Fast Times at Ridgemont High' and 'Clueless' · 1954Amy LandeckerAmy LandeckerActress known for Transparent and A Serious Man · 1969Amy PascalAmy PascalNamed one of the most powerful women in Hollywood in 2003, Amy Pascal has been president and vice president of several major production companies. · 1958Andrew GarfieldAndrew GarfieldActor, star of The Amazing Spider-Man and Hacksaw Ridge · 1983Andrew JareckiAndrew JareckiDocumentarian ('Capturing the Friedmans', 'The Jinx') · 1963Andrew VajnaAndrew VajnaHungarian-American producer of the Rambo films, Total Recall, Terminator 3 and Evita; from a Budapest Jewish family. · 1985Ann DruyanAnn DruyanCreative director of the Voyager Golden Record and co-writer of Cosmos · 1977Annie LeibovitzAnnie LeibovitzFor decades, Annie Leibovitz and her camera have exposed to the public eye subtleties of character that lay beneath the celebrity personae of rock stars, politicians, actors, and literary figures. · 1949Anouk AiméeAnouk AiméeFrench actress Anouk Aimée is perhaps best known for her remarkable presence as an icon of cool, sophisticated beauty in more than seventy films across seven decades. · 1932Anthony MannAnthony MannDirector of the psychological westerns with James Stewart — Winchester '73, The Naked Spur, The Man from Laramie — and of the film noir cycle that preceded them · 1955Anton YelchinAnton YelchinActor who played Chekov in the rebooted Star Trek films. · 1989Ari AsterAri AsterAmerican filmmaker known for Hereditary and Midsommar. · 1986Ari FolmanAri FolmanIsraeli director whose animated documentary Waltz with Bashir earned worldwide acclaim. · 1962Ari GraynorAri GraynorActress known for Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist and The Disaster Artist · 1983Ariane MnouchkineAriane MnouchkineFrench theatre director who founded the Théâtre du Soleil; Kyoto Prize (2019); Jewish father · 2019Ariel WizmanAriel WizmanFrench-Moroccan Jewish actor, DJ, journalist and radio/TV personality born in Casablanca · 1962Armie HammerArmie HammerAmerican actor; the Winklevoss twins in The Social Network, The Lone Ranger and Call Me by Your Name · 2017Arnon MilchanArnon MilchanFounder of Regency Enterprises; produced 'Pretty Woman', 'Fight Club' and '12 Years a Slave' (Best Picture Oscar) · 1991Arthur HillerArthur HillerCanadian director of 'Love Story' and later president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. · 1923Arthur LaurentsArthur LaurentsWrote the books of West Side Story and Gypsy; screenwriter of The Way We Were · 1957Arthur PennArthur PennDirector of the landmark film Bonnie and Clyde. · 1922Ashley TisdaleAshley TisdaleActress: Sharpay Evans in the High School Musical films and Maddie in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody · 2006Asia Kate DillonAsia Kate DillonActor who played TV's first major non-binary character in 'Billions' and appeared in 'John Wick: Chapter 3'. · 1984Assi DayanAssi DayanAcclaimed Israeli actor and filmmaker. · 1945Assi LevyAssi LevyIsraeli stage and screen actress acclaimed for her dramatic roles. · 1969Aure AtikaAure AtikaActress and director · 1970Austin AbramsAustin AbramsAmerican actor; Euphoria, Dash & Lily, Chemical Hearts and The Walking Dead · 2019Avi AradAvi AradFounder and first CEO of Marvel Studios; produced the X-Men and Spider-Man film franchises that launched the superhero-movie era · 1993Aviva BaumannAviva BaumannAmerican actress who appeared in film and television including Superbad. · 1984Avraham Aviv AlushAvraham Aviv AlushIsraeli actor who portrayed Jesus in the film The Shack. · 1982Ayelet ZurerAyelet ZurerIsraeli actress, star of Munich and Man of Steel · 1969B. J. NovakB. J. NovakWriter, executive producer and actor on the US version of The Office; author of the children's book The Book with No Pictures · 2005Bar PalyBar PalyIsraeli-American actress and model. · 1985Barney BalabanBarney BalabanPresident of Paramount Pictures (1936-1964) · 1887Barry LevinsonBarry LevinsonOscar-winning film director and writer (Rain Man, Diner, Good Morning Vietnam); born to a Jewish family in Baltimore. · 1988Barry SonnenfeldBarry SonnenfeldFilm director and cinematographer (Men in Black, The Addams Family, Get Shorty); born to a Jewish family in New York. · 1997Bea ArthurBea ArthurEmmy-winning actress (Maude, The Golden Girls); born Bernice Frankel to a Jewish family · 1972Bel PowleyBel PowleyEnglish actress; The Diary of a Teenage Girl, and Miep Gies — who hid the Frank family — in A Small Light · 2023Bella LewitzkyBella LewitzkyBella Lewitzky, a maverick in the world of modern dance, distinguished herself as a preeminent performer, choreographer, artistic director, educator, public speaker, and civic activist. · 1916Ben FeldmanBen FeldmanAmerican actor known for Mad Men, Superstore, and A Million Little Things. · 1980Ben FosterBen FosterAmerican actor acclaimed for Hell or High Water, The Messenger, and 3:10 to Yuma. · 1980Ben HechtBen HechtPlaywright and pioneering Hollywood screenwriter ('The Front Page') · 1893Ben MendelsohnBen MendelsohnEmmy-winning Australian actor known for 'Bloodline' and 'Rogue One'. · 1969Benjamin GlazerBenjamin GlazerWinner of the first screenwriting Academy Award for Seventh Heaven (1927) · 1927Benny SafdieBenny SafdieAmerican filmmaker and actor; co-director of Good Time and Uncut Gems, actor in Oppenheimer and Licorice Pizza · 2019Berta GerstenBerta GerstenBerta Gersten, a tall, regal, soft-spoken actor, was a highly acclaimed leading lady in the Yiddish art theater movement for fifty years.Berta YampolskyBerta YampolskyBerta Yampolsky was dancer, choreographer, and artistic director.Bertha KalichBertha KalichKnown for her majestic bearing, great beauty, and fine diction, Bertha Kalich was the first female actor to make the transition from the Yiddish to the English stage. · 1874Bex Taylor-KlausBex Taylor-KlausActor known for 'The Killing', 'Arrow', and voicing Pidge in 'Voltron: Legendary Defender'. · 1994Bill FingerBill FingerComics writer who co-created Batman and shaped the character's enduring mythology. · 1914Billie LourdBillie LourdAmerican actress; Scream Queens, the American Horror Story anthology, and Lieutenant Connix in the Star Wars sequels · 2015Billy WilderBilly WilderFilm Director · 1944Bo GoldmanBo GoldmanTwo-time Academy Award screenwriter: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Melvin and Howard · 1975Bob BalabanBob BalabanActor and producer known for Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Gosford Park · 1945Bob RafelsonBob RafelsonDirector ('Five Easy Pieces'); co-created The Monkees · 1933Brad FalchukBrad FalchukCo-creator with Ryan Murphy of Glee, American Horror Story and Pose, series that put disability, sexuality and the ballroom scene on prime-time television · 2009Brandon FlynnBrandon FlynnActor known for playing Justin Foley in Netflix's '13 Reasons Why'. · 1993Brett RatnerBrett RatnerDirector ('Rush Hour', 'X-Men: The Last Stand') · 1969Brian GrazerBrian GrazerCo-founded Imagine Entertainment with Ron Howard; produced 'A Beautiful Mind' (Best Picture Oscar), 'Apollo 13' and '8 Mile' · 1986Bruce CohenBruce CohenFilm producer who won the Best Picture Oscar for 'American Beauty' and produced 'Milk'.Bryan SingerBryan SingerDirector ('The Usual Suspects', 'X-Men') · 1965Bryce PapenbrookBryce PapenbrookProlific voice actor known for anime leads including Eren in 'Attack on Titan'. · 1986Buck HenryBuck HenryCo-wrote The Graduate and Catch-22; co-created Get Smart · 1967Budd SchulbergBudd SchulbergScreenwriter of On the Waterfront (Academy Award 1954); novelist of What Makes Sammy Run? · 1954Caco CioclerCaco CioclerBrazilian stage and screen actor known for prolific work in film and television including 'Eu Não Te Ouço'. · 1971Cameron BoyceCameron BoyceBeloved young Disney Channel actor of the Descendants films. · 1999Carl ForemanCarl ForemanBlacklisted screenwriter of High Noon and The Bridge on the River Kwai · 1952Carl LaemmleCarl LaemmleFounded Universal Pictures · 1912Carly ChaikinCarly ChaikinAmerican actress; Darlene Alderson in Mr. Robot and Dalia Royce in Suburgatory · 2015Carol GraceCarol GraceActress and writer, muse to playwrights and wife of Walter Matthau. · 1924Caroline AaronCaroline AaronActress known for The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel and Deconstructing Harry · 1952Carrie FisherCarrie FisherAmerican actress and writer known for playing Princess Leia in Star Wars. · 1956Cary GrantCary GrantLegendary Hollywood actor (born Archibald Leach) who believed himself partly Jewish and in 1948 donated to the new State of Israel 'in the name of his dead Jewish mother'; no genealogical evidence of… · 1904Cecil B. DeMilleCecil B. DeMilleFounding father of Hollywood ('The Ten Commandments'); son of a Jewish mother, Matilda Beatrice Samuel · 1881Celia AdlerCelia AdlerCelia Adler’s popularity as a Yiddish actor made her a force in the Yiddish art theater movement, where she was loved for her ability to combine pathos and charm. · 1889Chantal AkermanChantal AkermanBelgian avant-garde director whose Jeanne Dielman is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. · 1950Charlie KaufmanCharlie KaufmanScreenwriter of Being John Malkovich, Adaptation and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Academy Award 2004) · 2004Charlotte CharlaqueCharlotte CharlaqueCharlotte Charlaque was a transgender trailblazer, actress, and translator in Weimer Berlin and post-Shoah New York City. · 1892Chella ManChella ManDeaf transgender artist, actor, and activist.Chris KattanChris KattanComedic actor and Saturday Night Live cast member known for A Night at the Roxbury. · 1970Chris PineChris PineAmerican actor; James T. Kirk in the Star Trek films, Steve Trevor in Wonder Woman, and Hell or High Water · 2009Christopher Mintz-PlasseChristopher Mintz-PlasseAmerican actor; McLovin in Superbad, Red Mist in Kick-Ass and the voice of Fishlegs in How to Train Your Dragon · 2007Cindy MargolisCindy MargolisAmerican model and actress; born to Jewish parents in Los Angeles. · 1998Claire BloomClaire BloomFrom her first film role in Charlie Chaplin’s 1952 film Limelight to her performance in 2010’s The King’s Speech, Claire Bloom has been one of the most iconic and popular actresses of her generation. · 1931Claude BerriClaude BerriLeading French director/producer, born Claude Langmann to Jewish immigrant parents (Jean de Florette, Germinal) · 1986Claude LanzmannClaude LanzmannFrench filmmaker known for the Holocaust documentary Shoah. · 1925Claude LelouchClaude LelouchFrench director from an Algerian Jewish family; Oscar-winning A Man and a Woman · 1966Claudia WeillClaudia WeillDirector ('Girlfriends', 1978), landmark of American independent women's cinema · 1946Corey FeldmanCorey FeldmanActor known for The Goonies, Stand by Me and The Lost Boys · 1971Corey HaimCorey HaimCanadian actor known for The Lost Boys and Lucas. · 1971Craig MazinCraig MazinCreator and writer of Chernobyl (2019) and co-creator of The Last of Us; Emmy and BAFTA awards for writing · 2019D. B. WeissD. B. WeissCo-creator, with David Benioff, of HBO's Game of Thrones, the most widely watched drama series of its decade · 2011Damon LindelofDamon LindelofCo-created 'Lost'; showrunner of 'The Leftovers' and 'Watchmen' · 1973Dan LevyDan LevyCanadian actor and co-creator of Schitt's Creek. · 1983Daniel Day-LewisDaniel Day-LewisActor · 1982Daniel HandlerDaniel HandlerAuthor, under the name Lemony Snicket, of A Series of Unfortunate Events, sold in tens of millions of copies and adapted for film and television · 1999Daniel RadcliffeDaniel RadcliffeBritish actor known for playing the title role in the Harry Potter films. · 1989Danny RubinDanny RubinScreenwriter of Groundhog Day · 1993Danny StrongDanny StrongWriter of Recount and Game Change, co-creator of Empire and creator of Dopesick, the series on the marketing of OxyContin · 2021Daphna KastnerDaphna KastnerCanadian-Israeli actress and screenwriter. · 1961Darren AronofskyDarren AronofskyDirector of Requiem for a Dream, Black Swan and The Wrestler; raised in a Jewish family in Brooklyn. · 1998Daryl SabaraDaryl SabaraAmerican actor; Juni Cortez in the Spy Kids films and a prolific voice actor · 2001Dave AnnableDave AnnableActor: Justin Walker in Brothers & Sisters (Prism Award) and Lee Dutton in the pilot of Yellowstone · 2006Dave FrancoDave FrancoAmerican actor known for Neighbors and 21 Jump Street. · 1985David ArquetteDavid ArquetteAmerican actor ('Scream'); Jewish mother (Polish/Russian Jewish descent), had a Bar Mitzvah at the Western Wall · 1996David BenioffDavid BenioffNovelist and co-creator/showrunner of HBO's Game of Thrones. · 1970David CronenbergDavid CronenbergCanadian film director (The Fly, Crash, eXistenZ) · 1986David DuchovnyDavid DuchovnyActor who played Fox Mulder in The X-Files; son of a Ukrainian Jewish father. · 1960David HeymanDavid HeymanProduced all eight 'Harry Potter' films, 'Gravity' and 'Barbie' · 1961David KrumholtzDavid KrumholtzActor known for Numb3rs and Oppenheimer · 1978David LaddDavid LaddAmerican film/TV producer and former actor; matrilineally Jewish through his mother, the actress and talent agent Sue Carol, who was of German- and Austrian-Jewish descent. · 1947David MazouzDavid MazouzAmerican actor; the young Bruce Wayne across five seasons of Gotham · 2014David MilchDavid MilchCreator of Deadwood and co-creator of NYPD Blue; one of the writers who made American television a place for serious drama · 2004David O. SelznickDavid O. SelznickProduced 'Gone with the Wind' and 'Rebecca' — back-to-back Best Picture Oscars; brought Hitchcock to America · 1939David RabinowitzDavid RabinowitzAcademy Award — Best Adapted ScreenplayDavid S. GoyerDavid S. GoyerScreenwriter of the Blade trilogy, of Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight trilogy and of Man of Steel; creator of the television adaptation of Asimov's Foundation · 2005David SapersteinDavid SapersteinAuthor-screenwriter of Cocoon · 1985David SchwimmerDavid SchwimmerActor and director, played Ross Geller on Friends; born to a Jewish family. · 1994David SeidlerDavid SeidlerScreenwriter of The King's Speech (Academy Award 2010), drawing on his own stutter · 2010David SilvermanDavid SilvermanVeteran director and animator of The Simpsons and its feature film. · 1957David ZuckerDavid ZuckerCo-created 'Airplane!' and 'The Naked Gun' · 1947Debra GranikDebra GranikWriter-director of Winter's Bone, which launched Jennifer Lawrence · 2010Debra MessingDebra MessingActress, star of Will & Grace · 1968Debra WingerDebra WingerActress, three-time Oscar nominee · 1955Dianna AgronDianna AgronAmerican actress known for playing Quinn Fabray on Glee. · 1986Dina DoronDina DoronIsraeli actress and Holocaust survivor with a long career on stage and screen. · 1940Dore ScharyDore ScharyScreenwriter of Boys Town (Academy Award 1938); later head of MGM · 1938Doug LimanDoug LimanDirector ('The Bourne Identity', 'Edge of Tomorrow') · 1965Douglas FairbanksDouglas FairbanksSilent-film swashbuckler and co-founder of United Artists; born Douglas Ulman, paternal grandparents were German Jewish immigrants · 1920Doval'e GlickmanDoval'e GlickmanVeteran Israeli actor acclaimed for his lead role as Shulem Shtisel in the international hit series Shtisel. · 1949Dustin HoffmanDustin HoffmanTwo-time Oscar-winning American actor ('The Graduate', 'Rain Man') · 1967Ed AsnerEd AsnerAmerican Jewish actor ('The Mary Tyler Moore Show', 'Up') · 1970Eden SherEden SherAmerican actress; Sue Heck across nine seasons of The Middle, a Critics' Choice Award winner · 2013Edith HeadEdith HeadLegendary costume designer with a record eight Academy Awards for Hollywood classics. · 1897Edward G. RobinsonEdward G. RobinsonCelebrated film actor (Little Caesar, Double Indemnity); born Emanuel Goldenberg to a Jewish family in Bucharest, Romania · 1931Edward ZwickEdward ZwickDirector of Glory and Defiance and producer of Shakespeare in Love, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture · 1998Eleanor AntinEleanor AntinConceptual artist and filmmaker ('The Man Without a World') · 1935Eli RothEli RothAmerican filmmaker known for Hostel and Cabin Fever. · 1972Eli WallachEli WallachProlific character actor of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. · 1915Eliad CohenEliad CohenIsraeli model, actor, and entrepreneur, an internationally recognized LGBT icon.Eliana ShechterEliana ShechterIsraeli actress who appeared in Israeli film and television productions.Elie ChouraquiElie ChouraquiFrench-Israeli film director, screenwriter and producer (Harrison's Flowers, Les Marmottes) · 1979Elisabeth BergnerElisabeth BergnerElisabeth Bergner, born in Austrian Galicia, was one of the most successful and popular stage and screen actresses in pre-World War II Germany, known for her superior artistic skills and wide variety… · 1897Elizabeth BerkleyElizabeth BerkleyAmerican Jewish actress ('Saved by the Bell', 'Showgirls') · 1995Ellen BarkinEllen BarkinAmerican actress known for 'Sea of Love' and 'The Fan.' · 1954Elliott GouldElliott GouldActor (M*A*S*H, The Long Goodbye), later recurring on Friends; born Elliott Goldstein to a Jewish family. · 1970Elsa ZylbersteinElsa ZylbersteinFrench actress with a Polish-Jewish father; César winner (I've Loved You So Long) · 2008Emily RatajkowskiEmily RatajkowskiAmerican model, actress and author of Jewish descent. · 1991Emmanuelle ChriquiEmmanuelle ChriquiCanadian actress of Moroccan-Jewish heritage best known for playing Sloan in HBO's 'Entourage'. · 1975Eric BalfourEric BalfourActor: Gabriel Dimas in Six Feet Under, Milo Pressman in 24 and Duke Crocker in Haven · 2001Eric DaneEric DaneActor: Mark Sloan in Grey's Anatomy and Cal Jacobs in Euphoria; made his ALS diagnosis public in 2025 and died of the disease in 2026 · 2006Eric GoldbergEric GoldbergDisney animator; lead animator of the Genie in Aladdin · 1992Eric KripkeEric KripkeCreator of Supernatural and showrunner of The Boys · 2005Eric RothEric RothScreenwriter of Forrest Gump (Academy Award 1994), Munich and A Star Is Born · 1994Erich SegalErich SegalAuthor-screenwriter of Love Story; co-wrote Yellow Submarine · 1970Erich von StroheimErich von StroheimSilent-era titan ('Greed') and actor ('Sunset Blvd.'); born to a Jewish family in Vienna despite his invented aristocratic persona · 1885Ernst LubitschErnst LubitschGerman-American film director known for To Be or Not to Be. · 1892Errol MorrisErrol MorrisDocumentarian ('The Thin Blue Line'; Oscar for 'The Fog of War') · 1948Esfir Il’inishna ShubEsfir Il’inishna ShubEsfir Shub was active as an editor, director, and writer of nonfiction films for twenty years, from 1927 to 1947—one of the few women in the Soviet Union at that time to achieve some standing in the…Estelle HarrisEstelle HarrisActress famed as George's mother Estelle on Seinfeld. · 1928Esti GinzburgEsti GinzburgIsraeli model and actress who has appeared in international campaigns and films. · 1990Ethan CoenEthan CoenAmerican filmmaker and one half of the Coen brothers. · 1957Ethan KleinEthan KleinYouTuber and podcaster who co-created h3h3Productions. · 1985Eugene JareckiEugene JareckiDocumentarian ('Why We Fight', 'The House I Live In') · 1969Eugene LevyEugene LevyCanadian actor known for Schitt's Creek and the American Pie films. · 1946Eva GaborEva GaborHungarian-American actress who starred in 'Green Acres' and voiced Disney's 'The Rescuers'. · 1919Eva GreenEva GreenFrench actress known for 'Casino Royale', 'Penny Dreadful', and Tim Burton films. · 1980Evan CohenEvan CohenAmerican actor known for his role in Spike Lee's Summer of Sam. · 1974Evan GinzburgEvan GinzburgWrestling historian and associate producer of the film The Wrestler.Evan GoldbergEvan GoldbergCanadian filmmaker and frequent writing partner of Seth Rogen. · 1982Evan Rachel WoodEvan Rachel WoodAmerican actress known for Thirteen and Westworld. · 1987Ezra MillerEzra MillerAmerican actor known for The Perks of Being a Wallflower and The Flash. · 1992Fisher StevensFisher StevensActor and Oscar-winning producer known for Short Circuit and Succession · 1963Frank OzFrank OzMuppets performer (Miss Piggy, Yoda) and director ('Little Shop of Horrors'); son of a Jewish father · 1944Fred AstaireFred AstaireIconic dancer and film star, born Frederick Austerlitz; his father's parents were Austrian Jews who had converted to Catholicism (paternal Jewish descent). · 1899Fred HechingerFred HechingerAmerican actor; The White Lotus, News of the World, Thelma and Gladiator II · 2021Fritz LangFritz LangPioneering director of Metropolis and M. · 1890Friz FrelengFriz FrelengSenior director at Warner Bros.' Termite Terrace, he directed 266 cartoons — more than anyone else at the studio — introduced or developed Porky Pig, Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Sylvester… · 1947Gabe DunnGabe DunnActor/actress — known for The Focus GroupGabor CsupoGabor CsupoHungarian-born animator who co-founded Klasky Csupo, producing 'Rugrats' and 'The Wild Thornberrys'. · 1952Gabriel MachtGabriel MachtActor; Harvey Specter in the series Suits · 2011Gaby HoffmannGaby HoffmannActress known for Transparent and Girls · 1982Gal GadotGal GadotActress · 2017Gal UchovskyGal UchovskyIsraeli screenwriter, producer, and cultural commentator. · 1958Gene BarryGene BarryActor known for Bat Masterson and The War of the Worlds · 1919Genndy TartakovskyGenndy TartakovskyRussian-American animator and creator of Samurai Jack. · 1970George CukorGeorge CukorClassic Hollywood director of 'My Fair Lady', for which he won the Best Director Oscar, and 'The Philadelphia Story'. · 1899George FroeschelGeorge FroeschelScreenwriter of Mrs. Miniver (Academy Award 1942) · 1942George SegalGeorge SegalOscar-nominated actor known for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Goldbergs · 1934George WellsGeorge WellsScreenwriter of Designing Woman (Academy Award 1957) · 1957Georges CravenneGeorges CravenneBorn Joseph-Raoul Cohen; founded the César Awards, the Molières and the 7 d'Or, and was the press agent of French cinema from Renoir to Rabbi Jacob · 1976Geraldine BrooksGeraldine BrooksAmerican film and stage actress of the 1940s and 1950s. · 1925Gérard OuryGérard OuryDirector of La Grande Vadrouille, Le Corniaud and Rabbi Jacob; among the biggest audiences in French cinema history · 1966Gertrude BergGertrude BergAmerican actress and writer who created and starred in the pioneering sitcom The Goldbergs. · 1898Gil CohenGil CohenIsraeli actor featured in the drama series Tuner.Gil KaneGil KaneComic book artist (born Eli Katz) who co-created the modern Green Lantern and the Atom for DC Comics. (Note: the site's 'Flash Gordon' claim is inaccurate.) · 1959Gila AlmagorGila AlmagorThe 'First Lady' of Israeli theatre and film. · 1939Gila GolanGila GolanIsraeli-American actress and former Miss Israel. · 1940Gina GershonGina GershonAmerican actress of Jewish heritage. · 1996Ginnifer GoodwinGinnifer GoodwinAmerican actress known for Once Upon a Time and Big Love. · 1978Goldie HawnGoldie HawnOscar-winning American actress; Jewish mother · 1969Graham MooreGraham MooreAcademy Award — Best Adapted ScreenplayGregg SulkinGregg SulkinActor: Mason Greyback in Wizards of Waverly Place and Chase Stein in Marvel's Runaways · 2017Gwyneth PaltrowGwyneth PaltrowAmerican actress (Shakespeare in Love, Iron Man); Jewish father, director Bruce Paltrow, of Ashkenazi descent. · 1998H. Jon BenjaminH. Jon BenjaminAmerican voice actor known for Bob's Burgers and Archer. · 1966Hadas YaronHadas YaronIsraeli actress who won the Venice Film Festival Best Actress award for Fill the Void. · 1990Hailee SteinfeldHailee SteinfeldOscar-nominated actress for 'True Grit' who also voices Gwen Stacy in the 'Spider-Verse' films. · 1996Halston SageHalston SageActress known for Neighbors and The Orville · 1993Hank AzariaHank AzariaAmerican actor and voice artist (The Simpsons); of Sephardic Jewish (Greek/Ladino) descent. · 1989Hari NefHari NefTransgender actress and model featured in the film Barbie. · 1992Harmony KorineHarmony KorineScreenwriter of Kids (1995) and director of Gummo, Julien Donkey-Boy and Spring Breakers; a defining voice of American independent cinema · 1995Harold RamisHarold RamisAmerican actor, director and screenwriter (Ghostbusters, Groundhog Day, Analyze This) · 1984Harrison FordHarrison FordActor · 1977Harry CohnHarry CohnFounded Columbia Pictures · 1924Harry WarnerHarry WarnerCo-founded Warner Bros. Studios · 1923Harvey KeitelHarvey KeitelAmerican actor, star of Taxi Driver, Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction; born to Romanian and Polish Jewish immigrant parents. · 1976Hector BabencoHector BabencoArgentine-Brazilian director whose 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' and 'Carandiru' earned international acclaim and Oscar recognition. · 1946Helen HuntHelen HuntAmerican actress; Academy Award winner. Paternal German-Jewish ancestry. · 1997Helen SlaterHelen SlaterAmerican actress, best known as Supergirl. · 1984Helena Bonham CarterHelena Bonham CarterActress: two Academy Award nominations, a BAFTA and an International Emmy; The Wings of the Dove, The King's Speech and The Crown · 1997Helene WeigelHelene WeigelHelene Weigel was an actress and director known for her maternal roles in Bertolt Brecht’s plays and her incredible kindness and generosity.Henry KosterHenry KosterDirector ('Harvey', 'The Bishop's Wife'); born Hermann Kosterlitz, fled Nazi Germany · 1905Henry WinklerHenry WinklerActor who played the Fonz on Happy Days; son of German Jewish immigrants. · 1945Hila KleinHila KleinIsraeli YouTuber, designer and co-creator of h3h3Productions. · 1987Ian ZieringIan ZieringActor who played Steve Sanders on Beverly Hills, 90210. · 1964Idan MatalonIdan MatalonIsraeli actor and model featured in independent film.Inbar LaviInbar LaviIsraeli actress known for the series Imposters and Lucifer.Irene Mayer SelznickIrene Mayer SelznickIrene Mayer Selznick was a producer and philanthropist in Hollywood and New York. · 1907Isabelle HuppertIsabelle HuppertOne of the most famous and most popular French actresses of her generation, Isabelle Huppert has achieved international stardom for her ability to play geniuses, madwomen, criminals, and other… · 1953Ishai GolanIshai GolanIsraeli actor known for leading roles in Israeli film and television. · 1973Itzik CohenItzik CohenIsraeli actor known for the series Fauda. · 1968Ivan ReitmanIvan ReitmanBlockbuster director and producer behind 'Ghostbusters' and 'Stripes.' · 1946J.J. AbramsJ.J. AbramsCreator of Lost and director of Star Wars sequel films. · 1966Jack CohnJack CohnCo-founded Columbia Pictures · 1924Jack WarnerJack WarnerCo-founded Warner Bros. Studios · 1923Jake GyllenhaalJake GyllenhaalFilm actor, star of Brokeback Mountain and Nightcrawler · 1980Jake JohnsonJake JohnsonActor known for New Girl and the Spider-Verse films (Jewish father) · 1978Jake KasdanJake KasdanDirector ('Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle', 'Walk Hard') · 1974James CaanJames CaanAmerican actor, best known as Sonny Corleone in The Godfather; born to German-Jewish immigrant parents. · 1972James FrancoJames FrancoAmerican actor and filmmaker known for 127 Hours and Spring Breakers. · 1978James GunnJames GunnFilmmaker behind Guardians of the Galaxy and co-head of DC Studios. · 1966James L. BrooksJames L. BrooksAmerican filmmaker known for Broadcast News and co-developing The Simpsons. · 1940James MangoldJames MangoldDirector of Walk the Line, Logan, Ford v Ferrari and A Complete Unknown · 2005Jamie Lee CurtisJamie Lee CurtisAmerican actress (Halloween, True Lies, Everything Everywhere All at Once); paternal Jewish ancestry through her father Tony Curtis. · 1978Jamie-Lynn SiglerJamie-Lynn SiglerActress known for The Sopranos (Sephardic Jewish mother) · 1981Jane LevyJane LevyAmerican actress; Suburgatory, Don't Breathe and Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist · 2013Jane SeymourJane SeymourActress (Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman); born Joyce Frankenberg to a Polish Jewish father. · 1951Jason AlexanderJason AlexanderActor who played George Costanza on Seinfeld. · 1959Jason FuchsJason FuchsAmerican screenwriter and actor; co-wrote Wonder Woman (2017), Ice Age: Continental Drift and Argylle · 2017Jason IsaacsJason IsaacsEnglish actor (Harry Potter, The Patriot). Born into a Jewish family in Liverpool. · 2001Jason IssacsJason IssacsBritish actor; born to a Jewish family in Liverpool. · 2001Jason KatimsJason KatimsEmmy-winning showrunner of Friday Night Lights and Parenthood.Jason ReitmanJason ReitmanOscar-nominated director of 'Juno' and 'Up in the Air.' · 1977Jason SegelJason SegelActor and writer of 'Forgetting Sarah Marshall' and 'The Muppets', and star of 'How I Met Your Mother'. · 1980Jay BaruchelJay BaruchelCanadian actor, writer and director (Goon, How to Train Your Dragon); partial Jewish (paternal, self-identified 'half-Jewish on dad's side') · 2011Jean BenguiguiJean BenguiguiFrench actor born to an Algerian Jewish family in Oran; prolific film and stage career · 1944Jean-Pierre BacriJean-Pierre BacriFrench actor and screenwriter from a Sephardic Jewish Algerian family (On connait la chanson) · 1996Jean-Pierre MelvilleJean-Pierre MelvilleDirector of Le Samouraï, Army of Shadows and Le Silence de la mer; godfather of the French New Wave · 1967Jeff GoldblumJeff GoldblumAmerican Jewish actor ('Jurassic Park', 'The Fly') · 1993Jeff WilbuschJeff WilbuschIsraeli actor who broke out internationally as Moishe in Netflix's 'Unorthodox.' · 1987Jeffrey KatzenbergJeffrey KatzenbergStudio executive who revived Disney animation and co-founded DreamWorks, producing 'Shrek'. · 1950Jeffrey TamborJeffrey TamborAmerican actor known for Transparent and Arrested Development. · 1944Jemima KirkeJemima KirkeActress and artist known for Girls and Sex Education. · 1985Jennifer ConnellyJennifer ConnellyAmerican actress; Academy Award winner. Jewish mother of Polish/Russian descent. · 2001Jennifer Jason LeighJennifer Jason LeighAmerican actress; daughter of Jewish actor Vic Morrow (born Morozoff). · 1982Jenny MollenJenny MollenActress and author known for Angel and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend · 1979Jeremy PivenJeremy PivenEmmy-winning actor known for Entourage · 1965Jerry BruckheimerJerry BruckheimerBlockbuster producer (Top Gun, Pirates of the Caribbean, CSI); born to a German-Jewish immigrant family. · 1995Jerry ParisJerry ParisActor and Emmy-winning director ('The Dick Van Dyke Show', 'Happy Days') · 1925Jerry ZuckerJerry ZuckerAmerican filmmaker behind 'Airplane!' and 'Ghost.' · 1950Jesse EisenbergJesse EisenbergAmerican actor known for The Social Network and A Real Pain. · 1983Jesse L. LaskyJesse L. LaskyCo-founded the studio that became Paramount Pictures · 1912Jim AbrahamsJim AbrahamsCo-creator of Airplane! and The Naked Gun with the Zucker brothers · 1980Joan BlondellJoan BlondellA beautiful and accomplished stage and screen actress, Joan Blondell was known for playing character roles as a wisecracking, working-class girl. · 1906Joan CollinsJoan CollinsActress · 1933Joann SfarJoann SfarFrench comics artist and filmmaker whose graphic novel The Rabbi's Cat explores Sephardic Jewish life. · 1971Joaquin PhoenixJoaquin PhoenixOscar-winning actor; his mother, Arlyn (née Dunetz), is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (both her parents were Russian- and Hungarian-Jewish), making him matrilineally Jewish. · 1974Joe RothJoe RothFilm producer and studio executive (Fox, Disney; founder Revolution Studios) · 1948Joel BasmanJoel BasmanSwiss actor acclaimed across German-language film and television. · 1990Joel CoenJoel CoenAmerican filmmaker and one half of the Coen brothers. · 1954Joel KinnamanJoel KinnamanActor known for The Killing and Suicide Squad (Jewish maternal ancestry) · 1979Joey KingJoey KingActress acclaimed for 'The Act' and the 'Kissing Booth' films. · 1999John ForsytheJohn ForsytheAmerican actor (Dynasty, Charlie's Angels voice) · 1918John FrankenheimerJohn FrankenheimerFilm director (The Manchurian Candidate, Ronin). Jewish paternal (German-Jewish) descent. · 1962John GarfieldJohn GarfieldFilm actor and early method-acting star; born Jacob Julius Garfinkle to a Jewish family in New York · 1938John Howard LawsonJohn Howard LawsonFirst president of the Screen Writers Guild; blacklisted as one of the Hollywood Ten · 1938John LandisJohn LandisDirector ('The Blues Brothers', 'Animal House', Michael Jackson's 'Thriller') · 1950John MiliusJohn MiliusWriter-director ('Conan the Barbarian'); wrote 'Apocalypse Now' · 1944Jon FavreauJon FavreauActor, director and writer (Swingers, Iron Man, The Mandalorian); raised around Jewish culture and bar mitzvahed. · 1966Jonathan GlazerJonathan GlazerEnglish film-maker; director of Sexy Beast, Under the Skin and The Zone of Interest (2023), which won the Grand Prix at Cannes, the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film and the Academy Award for Best… · 2023Jonathan LipnickiJonathan LipnickiAmerican actor; the boy in Jerry Maguire, the Stuart Little films and Like Mike · 1996Joseph Gordon-LevittJoseph Gordon-LevittActor and filmmaker, star of Inception and 500 Days of Summer · 1981Joseph L. MankiewiczJoseph L. MankiewiczWriter-director of the classic All About Eve. · 1909Josh BowmanJosh BowmanEnglish actor best known for the ABC series Revenge. · 1988Josh CharlesJosh CharlesActor: Will Gardner in The Good Wife — two Emmy nominations — and Knox Overstreet in Dead Poets Society · 2009Josh GadJosh GadActor who originated Elder Cunningham in 'The Book of Mormon' and voices Olaf in 'Frozen'. · 1981Josh SingerJosh SingerScreenwriter of Spotlight (Academy Award 2015) · 2015Joshua Z WeinsteinJoshua Z WeinsteinDocumentary filmmaker who directed the Yiddish-language film Menashe.Judd HirschJudd HirschActor, star of Taxi and Ordinary People · 1935Judd NelsonJudd NelsonActor known for The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo's Fire · 1959Judith HerzbergJudith HerzbergJudith Herzberg is a Dutch Jewish poet, essayist, screenwriter, and professor who has been hailed as one of the greatest living Dutch poets for her ability to imbue everyday objects with unexpected… · 1934Judith LightJudith LightTwo-time Tony-winning actress known for Who's the Boss? and Transparent. · 1949Judith MalinaJudith MalinaJudith Malina was an actress, director, and producer who dedicated her life to creating avant-garde, politically charged theater works, and activism. · 1926Jules DassinJules DassinDirector ('Rififi', 'Never on Sunday'); blacklisted in Hollywood, triumphed in Europe · 1911Jules FurthmanJules FurthmanScreenwriter of To Have and Have Not and Mutiny on the Bounty · 1935Julia GarnerJulia GarnerActress: Ruth Langmore in Ozark — three Primetime Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe — and Anna Delvey in Inventing Anna · 2019Julia Louis-DreyfusJulia Louis-DreyfusEmmy-winning actress, Elaine Benes on Seinfeld and star of Veep; paternal descent from the French-Jewish Louis-Dreyfus family. · 1990Julian JosephsonJulian JosephsonScreenwriter of Disraeli (1929) · 1929Julian MorrisJulian MorrisEnglish actor; Pretty Little Liars, Once Upon a Time and New Girl · 2011Julian SchnabelJulian SchnabelPainter and director ('The Diving Bell and the Butterfly', 'Basquiat') · 1951Julianna MarguliesJulianna MarguliesActress, star of ER and The Good Wife · 1966Julie GoldmanJulie GoldmanDocumentary film producer behind numerous acclaimed nonfiction films.Julie KavnerJulie KavnerActress and voice of Marge Simpson on The Simpsons · 1950Juliet LandauJuliet LandauActress (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) · 1965Jurnee SmollettJurnee SmollettAmerican actress acclaimed for Eve's Bayou, Lovecraft Country, and Birds of Prey. · 1986Justin BarthaJustin BarthaAmerican actor; Riley Poole in the National Treasure films and Doug in The Hangover trilogy · 2004Kaia GerberKaia GerberAmerican model and actress; Model of the Year at the 2018 British Fashion Awards, and Palm Royale · 2018Kat DenningsKat DenningsActress (2 Broke Girls, Thor), born Katherine Litwack to a Jewish family · 2011Kate HudsonKate HudsonAmerican actress known for Almost Famous and How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days. · 1979Kate SiegelKate SiegelActress and writer known for Mike Flanagan horror works including 'Hush' and 'The Haunting of Hill House'. · 1982Kathryn GrodyKathryn GrodyAmerican actress and writer known for her stage work and the film 'Reds.' · 1946Katja BehrensKatja BehrensKatja Behrens was a Jewish-German writer, translator, director, and activist whose writings often grappled with the myth of German-Jewish symbiosis in post-war Germany. · 1942Keith GordonKeith GordonActor turned director ('A Midnight Clear', 'Dexter' episodes) · 1961Ken OlinKen OlinActor ('Thirtysomething') and executive producer-director ('This Is Us') · 1954Kenneth LonerganKenneth LonerganWriter-director of Manchester by the Sea (Academy Award 2016) · 2016Keren MargalitKeren MargalitIsraeli screenwriter and director behind the internationally adapted series Yellow Peppers. · 1971Kevin BrightKevin BrightProducer/director of Friends · 1954Kevin KlineKevin KlineOscar-winning American actor; father of German-Jewish descent · 1988Kirk DouglasKirk DouglasAmerican actor known for Spartacus and Ace in the Hole. · 1916Lajos BiroLajos BiroHungarian screenwriter of early Hollywood (The Last Command, The Private Life of Henry VIII) · 1928Laura PreponLaura PreponActress, played Donna Pinciotti on That '70s Show; Jewish father of Ukrainian/Russian descent, interfaith upbringing. · 1998Lauren BacallLauren BacallAcclaimed film actress; born Betty Joan Perske to a Jewish family, cousin of Shimon Peres · 1944Lauren LondonLauren LondonActress known for 'ATL' and 'The Game'. · 1984Laurent WeilLaurent WeilFrench cinema television journalist (Canal+). · 1963Léa DruckerLéa DruckerFrench actress and Cesar Award winner known for Custody and Last Summer. · 1972Leah KoenigLeah KoenigVeteran Yiddish-theater and screen actress who appeared in the series Shtisel. · 1929Leah RachelLeah RachelScreenwriter and creator of the Netflix supernatural drama 'Chambers'.Leah ReminiLeah ReminiAmerican actress known for The King of Queens and her documentary work on Scientology. · 1970Lee GrantLee GrantOscar-winning actress ('Shampoo') and documentary director; born Lyova Rosenthal · 1925Lee UnkrichLee UnkrichOscar-winning director of Toy Story 3 and Coco. · 1967Lena DunhamLena DunhamAmerican writer and actress who created and starred in Girls. · 1986Leonard NimoyLeonard NimoyActor who played Mr. Spock in Star Trek; son of Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. · 1931Leslie GrossmanLeslie GrossmanActress featured across the American Horror Story anthology. · 1971Leslie HowardLeslie HowardActor (Gone with the Wind, Pygmalion), born Leslie Steiner to Hungarian-Jewish immigrants · 1938Lew WassermanLew WassermanChairman of MCA/Universal; dominant Hollywood power broker · 1913Lewis MilestoneLewis MilestoneTwo-time Oscar-winning director ('All Quiet on the Western Front'); born Leib Milstein in Bessarabia · 1895Lia Van LeerLia Van LeerA pioneer in the field of art film programming and film archiving in Israel, Lia van Leer was the founder of the Haifa Cinematheque, the Jerusalem Cinematheque, the Israel Film Archive, and the…Liev SchreiberLiev SchreiberAcclaimed actor of stage and screen, star of Ray Donovan and Spotlight. · 1967Lili DarvasLili DarvasLili Darvas was an internationally acclaimed actress, known on the stage and screen in Europe and the United States. · 1902Lilli PalmerLilli PalmerAfter fleeing Nazi Germany, Lilli Palmer pursued her acting career in Paris, London, Hollywood, and New York. · 1914Lily CollinsLily CollinsEnglish-American actress; Rules Don't Apply, To the Bone, Tolkien and the title role in Emily in Paris · 2020Lior AshkenaziLior AshkenaziIsraeli actor known for Foxtrot and Late Marriage. · 1969Lior RazLior RazIsraeli actor and co-creator and star of the hit series Fauda. · 1971Lisa KudrowLisa KudrowActress, played Phoebe Buffay on Friends; born into a Jewish family of Belarusian descent (Jewish by birth, not a convert). · 1994Lizzy CaplanLizzy CaplanActress known for Mean Girls and Masters of Sex · 1982Logan LermanLogan LermanActor, star of Percy Jackson and The Perks of Being a Wallflower · 1992Loren BouchardLoren BouchardAnimation creator behind the Emmy-winning series 'Bob's Burgers' and 'Home Movies'. · 1970