Ursula Franklin

Ursula Franklin's mother was Jewish; the Nazis refused her a place at university, then sent her to a forced labour camp and her parents to concentration camps. All three survived. She reached Canada in 1949, became one of the first women appointed to the University of Toronto's engineering faculty, and pioneered archaeometry, dating prehistoric objects from their metal. Her measurements of strontium-90 in children's teeth were part of the evidence that led to the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty. A Quaker and a lifelong pacifist, she wrote The Real World of Technology and said: "Peace is not the absence of war — it is the absence of fear."