The Born rule
Who
Max Born, a German-Jewish physicist who later fled Nazi Germany.
When
1926
Where
Göttingen, Germany
The Born rule gives the probability of a quantum measurement's outcome from the wavefunction and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. It was formulated in 1926 by Max Born, a Jewish physicist forced from Germany by the Nazis, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics for it in 1954.
Sources
Part of “The Gifts of the Jews” — verified Jewish contributions to the world, with sources.