TCP/IP (the Internet)
Who
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf, American computer scientists
When
1974
Where
DARPA and Stanford, United States
Robert Kahn, born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, and Vinton Cerf designed at DARPA the pair of protocols that let separate networks speak to one another. Published in 1974, TCP/IP is the reason the Internet is one network rather than many, and the two shared the Turing Award for it.
Part of “The Gifts of the Jews” — verified Jewish contributions to the world, with sources.